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MISSIONS 

IN  * CHINA 


HISTORICAL  ♦ SERIES 


ONE  OF  THE  CANALS  OF  CHINA 


O pi 


ISSIONAftT  UNION 

BOS  TOW  • MASS  ♦ U-S-A 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/missionsinchinaOOamer 


Arknnuilp&gment 

FOR  the  material  upon  which  this  sketch  is  based 
we  are  largely  indebted  to  Rev.  J.  M.  Hull,  and  to 
Rev.  S.  B.  Partridge,  D.D.,  Rev.  J.  R.  Goddard, 
D.D.,  Mrs.  W.  M.  Upcraft  and  Rev.  J.  S.  Adams,  the 
authors  of  the  older  booklet,  “ Missions  in  China,”  of 
which  this  is  a revision.  For  the  illustrations  we  acknowl- 
edge our  obligation  to  our  missionaries,  who  have 
furnished  us  with  the  photographs  from  which  they 
have  been  made. 


Aiftitimtal  information 

FOR  the  further  study  of  Baptist  mission  work  in 
China,  reference  should  be  had  to  the  current 
numbers  of  The  Baptist  Alissionary  Magazine , the 
Annual  Report,  and  numerous  leaflets.  “ The  Conquest 
of  the  Cross  in  China,”  by  Rev.  Jacob  Speicher,  is  an 
excellent  study  of  the  problems  and  methods  of  work  in 
that  empire,  with  special  reference  to  that  of  our  own 
missionaries.  The  number  of  general  works  on  China 
is  large,  and  continually  increasing. 


4 


INTRODUCTORY 

HE  name  China  is  used  by  other  nations 
to  designate  the  great  empire  of  eastern 
Asia.  In  the  most  ancient  Chinese  clas- 
sics the  country  is  called  The  Flowery 
Kingdom.  Perhaps  the  most  common 
name  used  among  the  Chinese  is  The 
Middle  Kingdom,  from  their  belief  that 
their  country  is  the  center  of  the  earth, 
all  other  nations  being  of  secondary  im- 
portance. Another  name  sometimes  given  to  China  by 
the  people  is  Heaven,. from  which  the  people  are  some- 
times called  Celestials.  The  Chinese  Empire  is  com- 
posed of  the  divisions  known  as  China  proper,  or  the 
Eighteen  Provinces,  Manchuria,  Mongolia,  Tibet  and 
Chinese  Turkestan.  The  term  China,  as  commonly  used, 
refers  only  to  the  Eighteen  Provinces.  The  whole 
territory  of  the  Chinese  Empire  comprises  an  area  of  more 
than  4,000,000  square  miles.  Its  extent  is  greater  than 
that  of  the  United  States  and  equal  to  two  thirds  of 
North  America.  About  one  half  of  this  vast  area  is  in 
China  proper.  In  the  following  pages  we  concern  our- 
selves with  the  people  and  missionary  work  of  only  this 
part  of  the  empire. 


5 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


THE  COUNTRY 

The  physical  contour  of  China  shows  great  variations, 
the  salient  features  being  the  two  gigantic  river  systems 
that  drain  the  country.  In  the  north  is  the  Hoangho 
or  Yellow  River,  and  in  the  central  portion  the  Yangtse- 
kiang.  Besides  these  two  great  streams,  there  are  many 
rivers  which  in  other  countries  would  be  called  great, 
so  that  with  the  Grand  Canal  of  600  miles,  the  navigable 
water-ways  of  China  are  wonders  of  extent  and  useful- 
ness. By  far  the  larger  part  of  the  empire  is  in  the 
temperate  zone.  The  temperature  averages  some- 
what lower  than  that  of  other  countries  in  the  same 
latitude.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  the  loess  or 
porous  lands  of  the  north,  are  especially  productive. 
All  kinds  of  grain  and  fruit  are  found,  but  the  twro 
products  for  which  China  is  most  noted  are  tea  and 
opium.  Although  coal  and  iron  exist  in  vast  quantities, 
mining  has  been  very  little  developed. 

HISTORY 

It  is  believed  that  when  the  Chinese  entered  the 
country  they  overcame  and  drove  out  a race  of  abo- 
rigines, but  this  was  centuries  before  the  dawn  of  au- 
thentic history;  the  Chinese  have  existed  as  a nation 
nearly  5,000  years.  “ When  Moses  led  the  Israelites 
through  the  wilderness,  Chinese  laws  and  literature  and 
Chinese  knowledge  excelled  that  of  Egypt.”  Chinese 
historv  may  be  divided  into  five  periods. 

1.  Mythological:  Interesting  simply  as  revealing  the 
attitude  of  the  ancient  Chinese  toward  the  problems  of 
life.  They  assign  myriads  of  years  to  this  period. 

2.  Legendary:  From  about  2900  b.c.  to  1122  B.c. 
This  was  the  heroic  age  when  feudal  kings  reigned  in  the 
Yellow  River  country. 

3.  Classical:  From  1122  b.c.  to  225  a.d.  From  this 
period  Chinese  history  is  based  on  trustworthy  records. 
Lao  Tze,  Confucius  and  Mencius  were  of  this  period. 
The  period  of  the  Han  Dynasty  has  been  considered  the 
Golden  Age  of  China. 


6 


b?uc  FIELDS  AND  STATIONS 

■ 7\  PHILIPPINE 

raE^ciN  0FTII? 


ui  r „ ■ 

AMERICAN  BAPTIST 

UYOOTAWlTtV  TIVTAV  ^ 


stations  of  A.B.ii.c.tUngkung 

tilroads  1 £“»>■* 

( Proposed. 

Scale  of  Miles 

i i . i 

100  200  300  400 


105  Longitude  C 


110  East  D from  115  Greenwich  E 


The  black  squares  indicate  approximately  our  four  China  fields. 

7 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


4.  Mediaeval:  From  a.d.  265  to  1644.  This  period 
was  characterized  by  the  slavish  adherence  of  all  the 
dynasties  to  the  models  and  ideals  of  the  ancients. 

5.  Modern:  From  1644  to  the  present  time.  During 
this  period  China  has  been  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Manchu  rulers.  It  has  been  characterized  by  a growing 
interchange  of  commerce,  political  ideas  and  sciences  with 
Western  nations. 

THE  PEOPLE 
Racial  Characteristics 

The  physical  traits  of  the  people  are  similar  through- 
out the  country.  The  complexion  is  of  a yellowish  cast, 
which  they  call  “ the  color  of  the  olive.”  They  all  have 
the  same  coarse,  black  hair  and  seemingly  oblique  eyes, 
with  high  cheek-bones  and  roundish  face.  They  are 
stout  and  muscular  as  compared  with  other  Eastern 
peoples.  The  nervous  restlessness  of  the  races  of  the 
West  is  unknown  to  the  Chinese.  “ Even  the  children 
display  a capacity  for  keeping  quite  that  would  drive  a 
Western  child  insane.”  The  Chinese  undergo  suffering 
of  all  kinds  with  a composure  that  is  amazing,  and 
sometimes  endure  surgical  operations  without  anes- 
thetics, the  shock  of  which  would  be  unendurable  to 
more  nervous  organisms.  The  hygienic  conditions  amid 
which  the  Chinese  live  are  often  abominable.  Never- 
theless, the  vitality  of  the  people  is  marvelous.  “ From 
a physical  point  of  view,”  it  has  been  said,  “ there  is 
no  group  of  mankind  better  qualified  to  illustrate  the 
survival  of  the  fittest  than  the  Chinese.” 

Custom,  custom,  custom,  is  the  law  of  China.  Far 
more  powerful  than  any  constitution  or  code  of  laws 
could  be,  in  its  cohesive  results,  is  the  observance  of  the 
customs  of  the  ancients.  The  strength  of  custom  is  but 
one  phase  of  the  great  distinguishing  Chinese  charac- 
teristic, stolid,  apparently  impregnable  conservatism, 
which  has  until  recently  made  any  general  advance  seem 
almost  hopeless.  The  sweeping  changes  of  the  last  few 
years  could  not  have  been  conceived  ten  years  ago.  To 

8 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


this  conservatism  are  due  the  virtues  of  reverence, 
filial  piety,  and  the  conservation  from  the  past  of  much 
that  is  good.  The  Chinese  have  many  solid  qualities 
that  fit  them  remarkably  for  industrial  and  intellectual 
eminence.  They  take  pleasure  in  the  most  exhausting 
study ; they  are  indefatigable  in  work  and  have  attained 


A Shanghai  Street  on  a Festive  Occasion 


notable  results  by  intelligent  labor.  Grave  defects, 
however,  are  to  be  noted,  the  most  serious  of  which  is 
the  lack  of  sincerity  and  honesty.  The  tedious  forms  of 
etiquette  and  the  evasive  circumlocutions  prevalent  in 
all  intercourse,  often  cover  dark  and  dubious  ways. 
The  practise  of  secret  commissions  is  systematically 
employed  by  every  grade  of  society,  from  the  mandarin 


9 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


down.  Suspicion  is  universal.  There  is  no  such  thing 
as  “ credit  ” in  China.  Yet  those  who  are  best  ac- 
quainted with  conditions  are  most  enthusiastic  about  the 
future  of  the  country.  “ Look  at  the  sinewy  and  wear- 
ing qualities  of  the  Chinese  people,”  says  Dr.  William 
Ashmore.  “ Steady,  industrious,  peaceable,  economical, 
persistent,  enterprising,  fond  of  home,  intensely  common- 
sense,  practical  and  self-reliant,  John  Chinaman  has  in 
him  the  raw  stuff  of  which  enduring  nationality  is  made. 
Such  splendid  staying  qualities  make  us  long  all  the  more 
to  see  them  Christians.” 


Population 

How  many  people  are  there  in  China?  Four  hundred 
millions  is  the  number  which  estimates  and  Chinese 
official  statements  approximate.  Rev.  William  Ash- 
more, D.D.,  in  his  leaflet  China’s  Millions,  has  caused  us 
to  realize  something  of  the  immensity  of  this  population 
by  representing  that  it  is  passing  before  us  in  review. 
“ Twenty  miles  a day,”  he  says,  “ is  good  work  for  a 
column  on  the  march.  We  will  reckon  at  that  — it  is 
fast  enough  for  a column  moving  on  to  judgment  — and 
so  each  million  will  require  fourteen  days  in  passing. 

Take  first  the  province  of  Chihli,  size  of 
the  state  of  Illinois,  population  nearly 
28,000,000.  They  will  reach  7,952  miles 
in  line.  It  will  stretch  from  the  steps  of 
the  Capitol  at  Washington,  across  the 
continent,  and  far  away  into  the  middle 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Autumn  passes, 
winter  passes,  spring  passes,  and  you 
are  well  into  the  heat  of  the  second 
summer  before  you  have  seen  the  last 
of  this  one  column.”  The  whole  pro- 
cession is  over  a hundred  thousand  miles 
long  and  occupies  more  than  thirteen 
years  in  passing.  This  vast  multitude  is  one  of  the 
strongest  incentives  to  mission  work. 

IO 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


SOCIAL  CONDITIONS 
Grades  of  Society 

There  are  five  grades  in  Chinese  society:  First,  the 
scholar;  because  mind  is  superior  to  the  body.  Second, 
the  farmer,  because  mind  cannot  act  without  the  body 
and  the  body  cannot  exist  without  food.  Third,  the 
mechanic,  because  next  to  food  shelter  is  a necessity. 
Fourth,  the  tradesman,  an  inferior  position  being  given 
him  on  account  of  his  temptation  (necessity,  from  a 


A Family  Group — Three  Generations 


Chinese  point  of  view)  to  act  dishonestly.  Fifth,  the 
soldier,  in  the  lowest  grade,  because  his  business  is  to 
destroy. 

“ The  stability  of  Chinese  civilization  had  its  origin 
and  has  found  its  continued  sustenance  for  over  a hun- 
dred generations  in  the  institution  of  the  family.  The 
patriarchal  system  still  holds  sway  as  it  did  centuries 
before  the  birth  of  Abraham.”  This  system  has  advan- 
tages, but  it  is  carried  to  harmful  extremes.  The  in- 
dividual is  lost  in  the  family.  When  a young  man 
marries,  a new  home  is  not  instituted;  he  is  simply  apart 


II 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


of  the  family  unit,  whose  welfare  is  considered  more  im- 
portant than  that  of  government,  education,  or  any  great 
question  of  progress.  Hence  the  family  life  of  the  mis- 
sionary appeals  to  the  Chinese  as  almost  nothing  else  does. 


The  Treatment  of  Women 

Honorable  Charles  Denby,  former  United  States  Min- 
ister to  China,  says,  “If  the  civilization  of  a country 
be  tested  by  the  condition  of  its  women,  a low  place 
in  the  order  of  rank  must  be  assigned  to  China.”  First 
of  all,  a Chinese  girl  has  little  real  childhood.  When  she 
is  from  three  to  five  years  of  age  the  cruel  sufferings  of 
footbinding  are  inflicted  upon  her.  The  toes  are  bent 
back  until  they  penetrate  the  sole  of  the  foot,  and  are 
tightly  bound  in  that  position.  The  first  two  or  three 
years  of  this  process  produce  terrible  suffering,  and  in 
maturity  the  footbound  woman  can  only  hobble  about. 

Again,  in  a country  where  education  of  some  sort  is 
almost  universal  for  men,  the  Chinese  women  are  for 
the  most  part  allowed  to  remain  in  complete  ignorance. 

Marriage  and  home  life  have 
little  attraction  for  the  Chi- 
nese woman.  Often  she  sees 
her  husband  for  the  first  time 
when  they  meet  for  the  wed- 
ding ceremony.  In  her  hus- 
band’s home  she  finds  no 
companionship;  she  must  be 
subject  to  her  mother-in-law 
and  the  wives  of  her  hus- 
band’s older  brothers.  If  the 
family  is  poor  she  must  work 
like  a slave;  if  her  husband 
is  rich  she  must  live  in  abso- 
, lute  idleness.  Nevertheless, 
a Chinese  Woman  the  picture  is  not  wholly  dark. 

in  de\otion  to  heridol,  n'ViAfp  cnmn  Ti oi't'i of  "hT-iif* 

this  woman  cut  off  her  left  hand,  inert  arc  sonu  nomes  oi  true 

mummified  it  and  now  wears  it  affection  in  China ; and  the 

suspended  from  her  neck,  as  seen  . 

in  the  picture.  anti-toot  binding  society  is 


12 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


making  progress  even  where  the  custom  is  strongest. 
Our  mission  schools  are  exerting  a strong  influence  in  this 
direction. 

LANGUAGE 

The  language,  because  of  its  difficulty  and  complexity, 
constitutes  oneof  the  greatest  hindrances  to  mission  work. 
It  is  ideographic,  and  each  character  must  be  learned 
separately,  a severe  task  of  memory.  The  written 
language  is  the  same  throughout  China,  although  it 
appears  in  two  forms,  the  “ deep  classical  ” and  the 
“ easy  classical.”  The  spoken  language  differs  from  the 
written  in  the  words  used  and  in  their  pronunciation, 
and  varies  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  The  Man- 
darin is  spoken  in  varying  forms  throughout  the  north 
and  west,  and  is  being  adopted  slowly  in  other  sections. 
The  provinces  in  the  southeast  have  numerous  dialects. 
In  South  China  our  missionaries  use  the  Swatow  and 
Hakka;  in  East  China  the  Ningpo  and  in  West  and 
Central  China  the  Mandarin. 

EDUCATION 

Education,  according  to  Chinese  ideals,  has  flourished 
for  many  centuries.  Theoretically,  public  offices  could 
be  held  only  by  those  who  had  successfully  passed  their 
examinations.  In  every  great  city  there  was  a large 
structure  made  up  of  a multitude  of  cells  or  boxes,  where 
students  went  for  their  examinations.  This  ancient 
custom  has  now  been  entirely  swept  away  by  imperial 
command  and  Western  methods  are  being  introduced. 

RELIGIONS 

The  Chinese  are  not  a religious  people  in  the  same  sense 
as  the  Hindus.  They  do  not  take  their  religion  very 
seriously,  although  there  are  some  things  connected  with 
it  that  hold  them  in  bondage,  like  ancestor  worship  and 
the  infinite  multitude  of  superstitious  rites.  Many 
things,  which  are  found  in  other  pagan  religions,  are 
absent  from  the  Chinese  religions,  much  to  their  credit. 
“ It  must  be  stated,  to  the  honor  of  the  Chinese,”  says 


13 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Emile  Bard,  “ that  no  people,  ancient  or  modern,  ever 
possessed  a sacred  literature  more  completely  exempt 
from  licentious  ideas,  and  at  no  epoch  has  their  worship 
been  associated  with  orgies  or  human  sacrifices.”  Three 
distinct  forms  of  religion,  however,  are  recognized  in 
China:  Confucianism,  Taoism  and  Buddhism.  Mo- 
hammedanism has  also  a following  in  some  parts,  but 
compared  with  the  other  religions  its  adherents  are 
comparatively  few.  It  must  always  be  borne  in  mind 
that  Confucianism,  Taoism  and  Buddhism  are  not 
opposed  to  one  another.  Images  of  Confucius,  Lao  Tze 
and  Buddha  fraternize  on  the  same  altar,  and  their 
religions  are  mingled  in  the  daily  worship  and  practise 
of  the  people. 


Confucianism 

The  great  philosopher,  Confucius,  was  born  551  b.c. 
He  gathered  many  disciples  and  compiled  his  teachings; 
but  no  temple  was  erected  to  his  memory  till  about 
the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era.  The  teachings  of 
Confucius  have  a high  moral  tone  but  he  neglects  the 
spiritual  side  of  life  almost  entirely. 
Confucius  did  not  originate  ancestor 
worship,  but  he  sanctioned  it,  and  it 
grew  to  be  the  “ keystone  to  the  arch  of 
the  social  structure  o f this  strange 
country.  Hundreds  of  millions  of  living 
Chinamen  are  bound  to  thousands  of  mil- 
lions of  dead  ones.”  Tablets  and  altars 
for  ancestral  worship  are  in  every  home; 
food  and  drink  are  offered,  and  objects  of 
all  kinds,  made  of  paper,  are  burned  for 
the  use  of  the  dead.  This  cult  opposes  a 
practical  difficulty  to  mission  work;  if  a 
man  gives  up  these  offerings  he  believes 
that  he  is  starving  his  ancestors.  Con- 
fucianism lessens  the  significance  of  the  individual  and 
emphasizes  the  family  and  clan. 


The  Township  God 


14 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Taoism 

The  teachings  of  Lao  Tze  are  the  basis  of  Taoism. 
Lao  Tze  was  a contemporary  of  Confucius,  and  there  is 
a tradition  that  the  two  philosophers  once  met  and  dis- 
cussed their  systems.  But  unlike  the  teachings  of  Con- 
fucius, those  of  Lao  Tze  have  been  lost  in  a mass  of 
superstition  and  demonology.  Many  of  the  grotesque 
idols  of  the  Chinese,  the  local  village  gods,  are  connected 
with  these  superstitions.  Nature  and  spirit  worship 
prevail  throughout  all  pagan  nations,  and  in  China 
this  belief  finds  its  expression  in  the  degenerate  Taoism. 
One  of  our  missionaries,  for  example,  came  into  posses- 
sion of  a “ straw  man,”  an  image  made  of  braided  wisps, 
which  was  carried  into  the  room  of  a sick  man.  There 
the  demon  which  caused  the  sickness  was  persuaded  and 
cajoled  until  he  left  the  sick  man  and  entered  the  image, 
which  was  then  carried  out  and  thrown  away.  Thus 
has  degenerated  the  faith  which  in  its  earliest  teachings 
was  pure  and  monotheistic  and  summed  up  the  highest 
thoughts  of  the  sages.  Yet  it  was  a philosophy,  not  a 
religion. 

Probably  the  most  important  and  far-reaching  of  the 
superstitions  connected  with  Taoism  is  that  known  as 
fung  shui,  “ wind  water.”  In  brief,  this  is  a belief  that 
the  configuration  of  the  country,  as  respects  the  hills, 
streams  and  trees,  is  of  supreme  importance  in  deter- 
mining one’s  fortunes.  Thus  the  proper  location  of  a 
house  or  temple,  or  of  a family  grave,  is  a matter  requir- 
ing the  expert  judgment  of  the  Taoist  priest.  Often  the 
expected  good  fortune  does  not  follow,  and  an  entirely 
new  situation  must  be  chosen.  Our  missions  have  been 
seriously  and  continually  hampered  by  this  superstition 
on  the  part  of  the  people,  rendering  it  always  difficult 
and  often  impossible  to  secure  desired  land  for  com- 
pounds. It  can  readily  be  seen  that  fung  shin  is  a great 
hindrance  to  progress,  and  some  of  the  more  enlight- 
ened officials  have  issued  proclamations  against  its 
observance. 


is 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Buddhism 

Confucianism  and  Taoism  originated  in  China.  Bud- 
dhism was  brought  over  from  India,  where  it  then  flour- 
ished, about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era.  To  the 
Chinese  it  appealed  as  a doctrine  of  hope,  because  it 
taught  existence  beyond  the  life  that  now  is.  It  also 
taught  that  future  welfare  depends  upon  conduct  during 
life.  “ We  need  not  wonder,”  says  Rev.  J.  Speicher, 
“ that  Buddhism  at  once  took  a place  co-equal  with  the 
two  other  religions.  The  practical  Chinese  saw  that 
they  could  follow  the  ethical  teachings  of  Confucius,  hold 
to  some  of  the  views  of  Taoism,  and  accept  such  portions 
also  of  Buddhism  as  satisfied  their  spiritual  nature.  We 
have,  therefore,  to  this  day  the  strange  anomaly  of  one 
person  holding  to  all  three  religions.”  Buddhist  temples 
and  monasteries  are  found  all  over  the  country,  the  latter 
being  frequently  in  the  most  beautiful  situations  on  the 
hills  or  mountains.  The  Buddhist  monk  is  immoral, 
uneducated  and  lazy,  and  is  despised  by  the  people. 
The  life  of  the  nuns  is  well  known  as  one  of  dishonor. 
The  whole  Buddhist  establishment  is  kept  up  by  endow- 
ments, the  mendicant’s  bowl,  gifts  of  the  worshipers 
and  particularly  prayers  for  the  dead. 

From  this  brief  description  something  may  be  realized 
of  the  complexity  and  difficulty  of  the  problem  which 
faces  those  who  go  to  China  with  the  gospel  message, 
teaching  the  religion  which  takes  no  second  place,  and 
preaching  the  Christ  who  must  hold  the  supreme  position 
in  the  hearts  of  men.  Yet  these  very  conditions  make 
still  more  wonderful  and  glorious  the  triumphs  of  the 
cross  in  China. 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  MISSIONS 

As  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  century  followers 
of  Nestorius  visited  China  and  made  some  converts,  but 
all  records  of  their  mission  have  disappeared,  except  a 
tablet  discovered  in  1625,  containing  a long  list  of  names 
of  priests  in  Syriac.  The  Roman  Catholics  began  work 
in  China  in  1288,  and  had  considerable  success,  but  this 
movement  was  not  permanent.  In  1552,  however,  under 
the  inspiration  of  Francis  Xavier,  influences  were  set  in 
motion  which  resulted  in  the  resumption  of  Roman 
Catholic  missions.  “ At  first  they  were  kindly  received, 
and  if  they  had  been  less  ambitious  of  temporal  power, 
China  today  would  have  been  almost  as  Roman  Catho- 
lic as  the  states  of  South  America.” 

The  first  Protestant  missionary  to  China  v/as  Robert 
Morrison,  who  was  sent  out  by  the  London  Missionary 
Society  in  1807.  The  ships  of  the  East  India  Company 
would  not  give  him  passage,  so  he  was  obliged  to  go  by 
way  of  the  United  States.  Morrison’s  great  work  was 
translating  the  Bible  into  Chinese.  It  was  seven  years 
after  he  landed  in  Canton  before  the  first  convert  was 
baptized;  but  since  this  small  beginning,  scores  of 
missionary  societies  have  entered  the  field,  hundreds  of 
missionaries  have  been  sent  out,  and  thousands  of  con- 
verts have  been  made  to  the  Christian  religion.  The  list 
of  missionaries  includes  such  great  names  as  Gutzlaff, 
Williams,  Martin,  Taylor,  John  and  Ashmore. 

BAPTIST  MISSIONS 

The  missions  of  the  American  Baptist  Missionary 
Union  are  now  carried  on  in  four  different  and  widely 
separated  portions  of  China.  They  are  known  as  the 
South  China  Mission,  the  East  China  Mission,  the  West 
China  Mission  and  the  Central  China  Mission.  The 
mission  at  Bangkok,  Siam,  as  will  be  seen,  has  always 
been  closely  connected  with  the  work  for  Chinese,  par- 
ticularly in  South  China. 


17 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


SOUTH  CHINA  MISSION 
From  Siam  to  Swatow 

Ivwangtung  is  the  name  of  that  province  in  China 
which  lies  at  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  of  the 
empire.  It  is  the  one  from  which  come  practically  all 
the  Chinese  who  are  in  America. 

One  hundred  and  eighty  miles  north  of  Hongkong, 
on  the  coast  near  the  northern  border  of  the  province, 
is  the  port  of  Swatow,  the  base  of  supplies  for  the  South 
China  Mission.  It  is  located  within  the  prefecture  of 
Tiechiu  “ tide-water  department,”  which  contains  3,000,- 
000  people  in  6,000  towns  and  villages,  all  speaking  the 
Tiechiu  dialect.  To  the  west  and  northwest  of  this 
district  are  18,000,000  or  more,  who  speak  the  Hakka 
dialect. 

Swatow,  the  original  station,  is  situated  nearly  on  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  the  principal  products  of  the  soil 
are  rice,  sugar-cane,  oranges,  bananas,  and  other  fruits 
common  to  a tropical  climate.  The  rivers  and  ponds 
teem  with  fish.  Along  the  coast  are  broad,  fertile  plains, 
bounded  on  the  northwest  by  irregular  ranges  of  hills. 

The  Siam  Mission  was  the  mother  of  all  our  Chinese 
missions,  the  work  being  commenced  there  because  in 
those  early  days  China  was  not  open.  In  1836  Rev.  J.  L. 
Shuck  removed  from  Bangkok  to  Macao,  that  port  being 
occupied  by  the  Portuguese,  and  thus  began  our  work  on 
the  China  field.  January  31,  1837,  baptism  was  admin- 
istered at  Macao  to  the  first  convert  and  the  first  Baptist 
church  was  organized  there.  As  a result  of  the  Opium 
War  the  island  of  Hongkong  was  ceded  to  the  British 
(1842),  and  Mr.  Shuck  and  a colleague,  Rev.  I.  J.  Rob- 
erts, at  once  removed  to  that  point,  where  later  in  the 
year  they  were  joined  by  Rev.  William  Dean,  D.D., 
formerly  of  Siam.  In  April,  1843,  two  Chinese  were 
baptized  at  Hongkong,  and  in  May  following  the  second 
church  was  organized. 

After  the  war  of  1857,  Swatow  was  one  of  the  new 
ports  of  entry  named.  “ I went  up  from  Hongkong  to 

18 


MISSION  vS  IN  CHINA 


Swatow,”  to  quote  Rev.  William  Ashmore,  D.D.,  “ in  the 
summer  of  1858.  The  vessel  cast  anchor  inside  of 
Double  Island,  which  was  then  the  foreign  settlement. 
I carefully  surveyed  the  field,  and  reported  in  favor  of 
transferring  the  mission  from  Hongkong  to  Swatow.  I 
was  soon  after  compelled  to  return  to  America  by  illness, 
but  my  colleague,  Rev.  J.  W.  Johnson,  succeeded  in 
getting  to  actual  mission  work  in  the  summer  of  i860. 
Double  Island,  however,  was  not  the  place  for  a per- 
manent location,  and  in  1864  the  present  location  at 
Kakchioh  was  secured  on  the  mainland.” 

Evangelizing  the  Field 

The  early  days  of  the  work  were  fraught  with  many 
difficulties.  The  chief  forms  of  business  on  Double 
Island  were  the  smuggling  of  opium  and  the  exportation 
of  coolies  to  the  West  Indies.  The  missionaries  shared 
in  the  hatred  of  the  natives  toward  all  foreigners. 
Stones  and  other  missiles  were  often  thrown  at  them, 
and  they  sometimes  were  roughly  handled.  None  of 
the  great  mass  of 
the  people  had 
any  idea  of  the 
real  purpose  for 
which  the  mis- 
sionaries had 
come  to  China, 
and  they  often 
asked,  “ What  did 
you  come  here 
for?  Tea?  Silk? 

Sugar?”  This 
would  furnish  the 
eagerly  s o ug  h t 
opportunity  for 
preaching  the 
Word,  and  the  missionary  would  proceed  to  tell  the 
glad  news.  Baptismal  services  then,  as  now,  always 
brought  together  a great  throng,  curious  to  see  and  to 


19 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


hear.  This  was  the  opportunity  for  the  preacher. 
Many  and  varied  were  the  means  employed  for  gaining 
a hearing. 

Beginning  at  Swatow,  the  missionaries  pressed  out 
into  the  surrounding  country,  and  gradually  gained  a 
foothold  at  strategic  points.  Rev.  S.  B.  Partridge,  D.D., 
arrived  in  Swatow  in  1872,  after  three  years  of  service  at 
Bangkok,  and  Mr.  Johnson  having  died,  the  field  was 
divided  between  Dr.  Ashmore  and  Dr.  Partridge.  The 
water-ways  along  the  coast  are  so  numerous  that  many 
of  the  principal  outstations  can  be  reached  by  boats. 
Especially  is  this  true  of  the  Swatow  field,  and  this  sta- 
tion has  several  house-boats  fitted  up  with  cabins.  They 
are  propelled  by  oars  and  sail  and  furnish  a comfortable 
and  economical,  though  slow,  method  of  travel.  The 
missionaries  in  the  interior  travel  mostly  on  foot,  by 
chair  or  on  horseback,  staying  over  night  at  chapels  or 
in  inns. 

The  methods  employed  in  the  evangelizing  of  the  field 
have  been  typical  of  those  used  throughout  China: 
daily  preaching  at  the  street  chapel,  personal  conversa- 
tions, the  distribution  of  scripture  portions  and  other 
Christian  literature,  and  above  all,  the  witness  afforded 
by  the  missionary’s  own  life  and  the  lives  of  native  disci- 
ples. An  interesting  method,  illustrative  of  the  many- 
sided  work,  is  that  of  one  missionary  who  made  a shop- 
to-shop  canvass  of  his  city,  meeting  personally  each 
proprietor  and  leaving  a tract  in  every  store. 

Work  for  the  Hakkas 

Not  until  1882  was  the  next  station  formally  set  apart. 
Converts  had  been  gained  among  the  Hakka  Chinese, 
in  the  hill  country  100  to  200  miles  back  from  the  coast. 
They  are  quite  distinct  from  the  people  of  the  Tiechiu 
district,  with  a dialect  radically  different,  but  very 
similar  to  the  Mandarin.  They  are  a scholarly  and 
enterprising  people,  prominent  in  political  life.  The 
Hakka  women  are  distinguished  by  not  practising  foot- 
binding. In  1881  Mr.  McKibben  decided  to  devote 


20 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


himself  wholly  to  the  Hakka  people,  and  in  1882  made 
his  headquarters  at  Munkheuliang,  which  had  been  an 
outstation  of  Swatow.  After  a few  years  he  was  com- 
pelled to  return  to  America  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev. 
George  Campbell.  The  latter  traveled  extensively  but 
found  great  difficulty  in  obtaining  a permanent  location, 
many  attempts  to  rent  or  purchase  property  in  various 
cities  being  frustrated  by  the  hostility  of  the  people  or 
the  timidity  of 
the  landlords.  At 
last,  however,  he 
was  able  to  rent 
a place  in  Kia- 
vingchow  (Ray- 
ing) a large  city 
120  miles  north 
of  Swatow,  which 
has  since  been  the 
center  of  the  Hak- 
ka Mission.  The 
work  for  the  Hak- 
kas  has  had  many 

viciSSitudeS,  n O Hakka  Boats  Ascending  the  River 

less  than  twenty 

workers  having  been  appointed  to  it,  sixteen  of  whom 
have  either  died  or  been  compelled  to  retire  through  ill 
health  or  other  causes.  For  a large  part  of  the  time  the 
burden  of  the  work  has  rested  almost  completely  upon 
Rev.  and  Mrs.  G.  E.  Whitman.  In  1899.,  the  missionary 
force  having  been  reduced  to  but  one  family,  Munkheu- 
liang was  given  up  as  a station;  in  1907,  however,  a new 
station,  Hopo,  was  opened  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  Hakka  field. 

One  by  one,  as  the  work  in  the  larger  outstations  has 
grown  in  importance,  missionaries  have  taken  up  their 
residences  there  and  the  places  have  been  formally  recog- 
nized as  independent  stations.  In  the  order  of  their 
establishment  these  are:  Ungkung  (1892),  Chaochowfu 
(1894),  Kityang  (1896),  Chaoyang  (Chaoyanghsien) 


21 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


(I9°5)  and  Hopo  (1907).  The  farthest  outstation  is 
over  150  miles  from  Swatow,  in  the  Hakka  country. 

Training  of  Native  Leaders 

Personal  evangelization  by  the  missionaries  was  the 
method  of  work  employed  at  first ; but  it  was  early  seen 
that  China  could  not  be  won  without  the  help  of  the 
Chinese,  and  careful  attention  has  continually  been 
given  to  the  training  of  native  preachers  and  evangelists. 
At  first  through  individual  instruction,  then  by  groups  of 
workers  in  Bible  classes,  and  finally  in  the  theological 
seminary,  those  who  have  shown  aptitude  for  leadership 
have  been  trained  by  the  missionaries. 

The  quarterly  meeting  of  the  preachers  and  evangelists 
has  always  been  a prominent  feature  of  the  work  of  some 
of  the  stations,  notably  Swatow,  and  at  first  it  was  the 
custom  to  make  this  the  training  school  for  the  workers. 
At  Swatow  this  meeting  is  still  regularly  held,  the  trained 
workers,  men  and  women,  coming  together  for  a course 
of  Bible  study.  The  full  development  of  this  work, 
however,  is  the  Ashmore  Theological  Seminary,  a de- 
tailed account  of  whose  work  is  given  on  page  44. 

The  training  of  Bible  women  is  described  in  the  section 
on  Woman’s  Work,  page  50. 

Development  of  the  Churches 

The  quarterly  meetings  held  at  some  of  the  stations 
have  not  only  been  of  value  in  training  the  pastors  and 
evangelists,  but  being  attended  also  by  all  Christians 
who  might  wish  to  come,  these  have  had  the  benefit 
of  the  instruction  given  the  preachers. 

A powerful  factor  in  developing  a strong  type  of 
character  in  the  native  Christians  has  been  classes 
organized  in  the  country  districts  where  the  members  are 
not  able  to  visit  the  central  station.  The  classes  are 
held  for  a month  or  more  at  a time,  attended  by  as 
many  of  the  Christians  as  can  be  gathered  together. 


22 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


All  these  plans  and  methods  have  had  in  view  the 
development  of  self-nourishing,  self-governing  and  self- 
propagating  churches.  In  the  early  days  the  missionary 
was  forced  to  direct  in  all  the  details  of  their  life  as 
a Christian  community. 

Those  who  had  particular 
spiritual  gifts,  however,  as 
for  reading  the  Scriptures  or 
for  speaking,  were  encouraged 
to  cultivate  them,  until  now 
many  are  highly  gifted  in 
these  and  other  ways.  As 
the  groups  became  organized 
into  regular  churches  they 
began  to  choose  their  own 
officers,  examine  their  own  candidates  for  baptism 
and  exercise  their  own  discipline.  In  the  starting 
of  schools  and  the  renting  and  building  of  chapels 
they  have  required  much  urging,  and  in  the  handling  of 
their  own  monies  the  careful  advice  of  the  missionary  has 
been  necessary,  but  the  task  has  been  earnestly  prose- 
cuted. Naturally  in  the  older  fields  this  development  has 
been  carried  farther  than  in  the  newer  ones,  although  in 
some  churches  connected  with  the  younger  stations  a re- 
markable growth  towards  true  independence  may  be 
noted.  The  spirit  of  fellowship  among  the  churches  is 
typified  by  the  native  association,  including  all  the 
churches  in  which  the  Swatow  dialect  is  used. 

The  self-propagating  obligation  of  the  church  has  not 
been  overlooked,  and  the  Chinese  have  been  encouraged 
to  undertake  advance  work  on  their  own  initiative.  At 
Swatow,  for  example,  the  Chinese  Christians  have 
begun  evening  preaching  services  in  the  city  chapel, 
many  business  men  and  others  being  thus  reached  who 
could  not  come  in  the  daytime.  One  of  the  most 
remarkable  embodiments  of  this  evangelistic  spirit  is  the 
native  missionary  society  on  the  Kityang  field.  This 
organization,  which  is  wholly  controlled  by  the  Chinese, 
supports  ten  evangelists  in  Weichow,  a needy  district 


23 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


west  of  Kitvang,  where  the  fearless  workers  “ are  often 
obliged  to  live  among  cut-throats  and  thieves.” 


Problems  of  the  Work 

Some  of  these  are  common  to  all  missionary  work; 
others  are  peculiar,  either  to  this  mission,  or  to  China  as  a 
whole.  At  the  beginning,  as  previously  mentioned, 
serious  and  often  violent  opposition  was  encountered  on 
all  sides.  This  spirit  has  now  quite  disappeared  except 
in  the  Ungkung  field  where  the  turbulent  part  of  the 
population  gives  trouble.  Clan  fights  have  been  a 
serious  hindrance  in  some  sections,  and  the  distrust  and 
jealousy  often  existing  between  clans  present  a grave 
problem.  Another  question  more  serious  in  its  nature 
and  influence  has  been  the  relations  of  our  churches  and 
their  members  to  the  adherents  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
churches.  As  this  problem  is  met  with  in  all  our  China 
fields,  it  is  treated  in  a separate  section,  page  54. 

A third  problem  which  is  withal  a most  hopeful  one,  as 
significant  of  progress  on  the  part  of  the  people  as  a 
nation,  and  particularly  of  the  native  churches,  is  the 
new  spirit  of  independence.  See  page  57. 


Plans  for  Advance 


At  a meeting  of  the  South  China  Conference  in  1907  a 
policy  was  outlined  which,  if  adopted,  would  meet  the 
immediate  needs  of  the  field  and  provide  for  a vigorous 
development  for  some  years  to  come.  This  would  in- 
volve the  appointment  of  twenty-one  new  families,  in- 
cluding four  physicians  and  seven  single  women,  one  of 
the  latter  to  be  a ~ physician;  the  open- 
ing of  three' new  sta  tions;  and  the  expen- 
diture of  $189,500  for  equipment. 


24 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


EAST  CHINA  MISSION 
The  Field 

The  East  China  Mission  is  located  principally  in  the 
province  of  Chekiang,  the  smallest  and  most  eastern  of 
the  eighteen  provinces  of  China.  Its  area  is  a little  less 
than  that  of  the  state  of  Ohio  but  its  population  is 
estimated  at  about  20,000,000.  Five  cities  in  this 
province  are  occupied  by  our  missionaries  as  central 
stations,  in  which  they  reside  while  carrying  on  their 
work  through  the  surrounding  regions: 

Ningpo,  a city  of  some  250,000  inhabitants,  on  the 
river  Yung,  about  twelve  miles  from  the  sea;  Shaohsing, 
about  100  miles  west  of  Ningpo,  on  Hangchow  Bay,  and 
in  the  center  of  a large  and  well -watered  plain,  with  a 
population  of  about  450,000;  Kinhwa,  about  100  miles 
in  a direct  line,  nearly  southwest  of  Shaohsing,  but  fully 
150  miles  by  the  river  route;  Huchow,  with  a population 
of  100,000,  about  sixty  miles  nearly  north  of  Hangchow, 
and  not  far  from  the  northern  boundary  of  the  province ; 
Hangchow,  the  capital  of  the  province,  some  fifty  miles 
northwest  of  Shaohsing,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Grand 
Canal  and  the  head  of  Hangchow  Bay,  and  Shanghai,  in 
Kiangsu  Province,  the  commercial  and  intellectual 
metropolis  of  China,  on  the  Whangpoo  River,  a few 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yangtse.  These  are  all 
important  centers,  with  numerous  towns  and  villages 
scattered  through  all  the  country  around,  affording 
almost  unlimited  opportunities  for  missionary  effort. 

Early  Vicissitudes 

Our  mission  work  in  Chekiang  Province  was  begun  at 
Ningpo  in  1843,  by  D.  J.  Macgowan,  M.D.,  who  opened  a 
Hospital,  and  by  the  successful  treatment  of  a few  diffi- 
cult cases  soon  won  the  confidence  and  good  will  of  the 
people.  Rev.  E.  C.  Lord  came  in  1847,  and  two  years 
later  Rev.  Josiah  Goddard  was  transferred  from  Siam, 
and  entered  upon  evangelistic  labors  in  the  mission. 
That  same  year,  1849,  the  first  convert  was  baptized  and 


25 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


thereafter  the  work  continued  with  encouraging  results. 
Another  prominent  name  of  the  earlier  years  is  that  of 
Rev.  Miles  J.  Knowlton,  D.D.,  who  arrived  in  1854  and 
was  an  eminently  earnest  and  successful  laborer  for 
about  twenty  years. 

The  mission  has  suffered  from  the  frequent  changes  in 
the  force  of  workers.  The  list  of  missionaries  is  a long 
one,  but  in  the  case  of  many,  various  causes  have  led  to 
removal  after  short  terms  of  service.  At  times  the  entire 
work  of  a station  has  rested  upon  a single  man  or  has  been 
left  to  native  helpers. 

Growth  of  the  Mission 

The  development  of  the  East  China  field  was  along  a 
different  line  from  that  of  South  China.  In  the  latter 
mission  one  station  remained  the  center  of  the  whole 
work  for  nearly  a quarter  of  a century,  the  present  sta- 
tions being  during  that  period  outstations  of  Swatow.  In 
the  East  China  Mission,  on  the  other  hand,  while  the 
work  as  a whole  has  not  developed  any  more  rapidly  than 
in  South  China,  new  stations  were  established  earlier. 
Hangchow  was  the  first  of  these  to  be  opened,  Rev.  C.  T. 
Kreyer  making  a beginning  there  in  1866.  After  a few 
years,  however,  this  station  was  left  to  native  helpers, 
and  not  until  1889  was  a missionary  again  resident  there, 
and  the  station  formally  recognized.  Shaohsing  was 
opened  in  1869,  and  has  been  under  the  care  of  Rev. 
Horace  Jenkins,  D.D.,  from  the  beginning.  The  next  to 
become  a regular  station  was  Kinhwa,  in  1883.  The 
work  here  grew  out  of  the  flight  of  some  refugees  from 
that  city  to  Ningpo  during  the  Taiping  Rebellion.  The 
missionaries  became  acquainted  with  them  and  a visit 
to  them  later  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  a perma- 
nent station  at  Kinhwa.  Huchow  was  formally  recog- 
nized as  a station  in  1888,  after  many  unsuccessful  efforts 
to  start  work  there.  Last  of  all,  Shanghai,  for  some 
time  an  outstation  of  Ningpo,  became  a station  in  1907, 
on  the  establishment  of  the  Shanghai  Baptist  Theological 
Seminary  and  College. 


26 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Many  methods  have  been  used  by  the  missionaries  in 
the  development  of  the  work.  Itinerating,  medical 
work,  distribution  of  the  Scriptures,  all  have  had  their 
place,  while  new  methods  have  been  adopted  to  meet 
peculiar  conditions, — dor  example,  the  assuming  of  the 
Chinese  costume  was  found  of  value  in  gaining  a foothold 
in  Huchow. 


A Typical  Chinese  Grave 


Opposing  Forces 

The  mission  has  from  the  beginning  been  opposed  by 
certain  classes,  and  this  opposition  has  at  times  taken  a 
turbulent  form.  Some  sections  of  the  field  have  been 
particularly  troubled.  Huchow  was  entered  only  after 
violent  attacks  upon  the  missionary,  and  disturbances 
have  frequently  occurred  there  since.  Kinhwa;  also,  has 
been  a storm  center.  It  suffered  during  the  troubles  of 
1900  (see  page  54),  and  again  in  1906  there  were  threat- 
ened riots.  In  1900  the  missionaries  were  driven  out, 
while  in  1906  it  was  considered  advisable  to  carry  on  the 
work  for  a time  by  correspondence  with  the  native 
workers. 


27 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


An  over-emphasis  on  physical  healing  by  faith  and 
similar  doctrines  have  wrought  considerable  harm  to  the 
East  China  Mission.  Several  missionaries  were  led  away 
by  these  teachings,  and  some  of  the  stations  lost  many  of 
the  members  of  the  native  churches.  This  movement 
has  spent  its  strength,  and  fortunately  no  longer  figures 
prominently  as  one  of  the  opposing  forces. 

Other  difficulties  might  be  mentioned,  as,  for  example, 
the  independent  spirit  on  the  part  of  native  leaders,  the 
relation  of  our  educational  work  to  the  government 
schools  and  troubles  with  Roman  Catholics.  These  are 
treated  on  pages  4 iff.  The  intricacy  of  the  whole  prob- 
lem is  suggested  by  mention  of  a single  phase.  One 
fourth  of  the  population  of  Shaohsingis  engaged  in  making 
paper  money  for  idolatrous  practices.  How  reach  such 
with  the  gospel  ? What  shall  they  do  when  they  become 
Christians?  One  pastor  is  attempting  to  solve  this 
latter  phase  of  the  problem  by  instructing  some  in  the 
manufacture  of  Turkish  towels. 

Plans  for  the  Future 

Plans  for  the  more  effective  occupation  of  the  East 
China  field,  as  proposed  by  the  mission  conference,  in- 
volve the  reenforcement  of  each  of  the  present  stations; 
the  opening  of  six  new  stations ; the  further  development 
and  coordination  of  the  present  educational  system, 
the  plans  including  the  establishment  of  a Bible  woman’s 
training  school  and  the  expansion  of  the  college  at  Shang- 
hai into  a university;  hospitals  in  four  stations;  all  of 
which  demand,  besides  the  present  equipment,  twenty- 
one  new  families,  nine  single  women  and  an  expenditure 
of  $264,750. 


28 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


WEST  CHINA  MISSION 
An  Advance  Step 

Our  West  China  Mission  lies  wholly  in  Szchuan,  one 
of  the  largest  provinces  of  the  empire.  It  is  in  the  far 
western  portion  of  China  and  has  a population  of  over 
24,000,000,  — a great  nation  in  itself.  Szchuan  borders 
on  the  mysterious  land  of  Tibet,  and  our  missionaries  in 
their  tours  meet  some  of  the  primitive  people  from  that 
country  to  whom  they  long  to  carry  the  gospel. 

For  forty-five  years  and  more  the  work  of  the  Mis- 
sionary Union  in  China  had  been  limited  to  two  fields, 
South  China  and  East  China.  It  was,  therefore,  an 
important  step  forward  when  the  new  field  in  West 
China  was  occupied.  The  first  missionaries,  Rev.  W.  M. 
Upcraft  and  Rev.  George  Warner,  sailed  in  1889,  taking 
a river  steamer  1,000  miles  up  the  Yangtse  to  Ichang, 
then  making  the  remaining  distance  in  a house-boat. 
On  account  of  high  water  and  primitive  navigation,  the 
journey  required  many  weeks  ere  they  reached  the  city  of 
Suifu.  This  is  the  chief  city  of  a large  district  of  about 
600,000  people,  and  has  a population  of  250,000.  Nature 
has  used  a lavish  hand  in  hill  and  mountain,  river  and 
plain,  in  a fertile  soil  and  luxuriant  vegetation.  The 
scenery,  beautiful  throughout  the  whole  province, 
borders  on  the  grand  as  it  stretches  westward  toward  the 
“ great  closed  land,”  Tibet. 

The  people  are  industrious,  prosperous  and  wide- 
awake, and  have  from  the  first  been  ready  listeners  to  the 
gospel,  even  though  prompted  by  curiosity  in  the  main. 
The  multitudinous  variety  of  work  characteristic  of  a 
pioneer  field  was  vigorously  prosecuted:  study  of  the 
language,  house  renting  and  repairing,  medical  work, 
preaching,  teaching  and  touring  in  country  districts. 
A long  seed-sowing  time  was  not  the  portion  of  the 
founders  of  the  West  China  Mission,  for  during  the  first 
year  seven  put  on  Christ  in  baptism,  the  first-fruits  of  a 
generous  harvest  which  was  to  be  vouchsafed  by  the 
Lord  in  the  years  to  follow. 


20 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Development  of  the  Work 

Early  in  1891  the  first  woman,  Mrs.  George  Warner, 
arrived  to  join  her  husband,  and  also  in  the  same  year 
Rev.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Well  wood,  who  are  (in  1907)  still 
at  work  in  the  mission.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wellwood  had 
previously  been  connected  with  the  China  Inland  Mission, 
so  they  began  with  a knowledge  of  the  language  and  could 
at  once  enter  upon  active  service.  At  the  end  of  1891 
other  reenforcements  reached  the  field  and  efforts  were 
extended.  Woman’s  work  was  taken  up  in  earnest,  and 
visits  in  the  homes,  talking  with  the  women  on  dispensary 
days,  regular  classes  for  women,  Sunday  school  and  day 
school  classes  for  children,  furnished  unbounded  oppor- 
tunities. At  the  close  of  1892  the  Missionary  Union  was 
represented  by  nine  missionaries,  with  medical  work, 
two  preaching  places,  women’s  classes,  a boys’  school, 
a Sunday  school  and  a church  of  eleven  members,  with 
offerings  amounting  to  one  dollar  per  member. 

Up  to  this  time  Suifu  was  the  only  station  in  West 
China.  In  1893,  however,  twelve  new  workers  joined 
the  mission,  and  plans  were  immediately  made  for 
advance,  with  the  opening  of  new  centers.  Kiating  was 
occupied  in  1894,  four  missionaries  removing  to  that  city. 
Some  were  unwilling  to  stop  even  here,  and  pushed  on 
the  same  year  to  Yachow,  the  central  city  of  a large 
district  as  yet  wholly  untouched  by  Protestant  mis- 
sionary effort.  “ A little  medicine,  a great  deal  of  visit- 
ing, and  a daily  parade  on  the  main  streets  of  that  city, 
so  that  every  one  might  see  us,  were  our  first  forms  of 
work.”  The  renting  of  permanent  quarters  stirred  up 
opposition  and  vile  placards  were  posted  abusing  the 
foreigners.  However,  the  successful  treatment  by  one 
of  the  missionaries  of  a servant  of  an  official,  who  had 
been  bitten  by  a snake,  changed  the  tide  in  favor  of  the 
missionaries  and  they  were  allowed  to  stay.  A new 
placard  was  posted,  and  officials  and  people  alike,  began 
to  be  friendly.  A genuine  interest  in  the  new  doctrine 
appeared  among  many,  and  the  outlook  was  bright  for 
a strong,  secure  work. 


30 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


The  Riots  of  1895 

The  three  stations  were  now  well  established,  with  a 
good  staff  of  workers.  In  Yaehow  had  taken  place  the 
first  baptism,  the  first  communion  in  Chinese  and  the  first 
Christian  marriage,  and  the 
first  Christian  home  had 
been  established.  In  Kiating 
work  was  prospering,  the 
Sunday  school  encouraging, 
and  the  country  work  hopeful. 

In  Suifu  the  season  of  house 
building  and  the  consequent 
time  of  testing  were  over, 
and  future  prospects  were 
promising.  In  a moment  all 
were  left  desolate.  The 
trouble  began  in  Chentu, 
and  thence  it  spread  all  over 
the  western  part  of  the  prov- 
ince, taking  in  Yaehow,  Kia- 
ting and  Suifu,  as  well  as 
other  cities.  The  little  band 
of  workers  in  Yaehow  was  loath  to  leave.  They  waited 
four  days  after  the  report  from  Chentu  reached 
them  and  then,  the  officials  fearing  that  the  worst 
might  happen,  they  decided  to  go  and  were 
escorted  by  city  officials,  policemen  and  soldiers 
to  the  raft  that  was  to  bear  them  away  from 
their  loved  home  and  work.  Foiling  an  attempt 
to  seize  their  raft  at  Kiakiang,  where  they  had 
a tussle  with  their  enemies,  they  hurried  on  to 
Kiating,  only  to  find  the  mission  houses  destroyed  and 
the  missionaries  gone.  Suifu,  too,  was  deserted  and 
unsafe.  At  Lichwang,  below  Suifu,  the  party  was  at- 
tacked by  some  men  who  came  out  in  a boat ; but  again 
God  delivered  them  out  of  the  hand  of  the  enemy,  and 
with  thankful  hearts  they  pursued  their  journey,  over- 
taking the  Suifu  party,  from  whom  they  learned  of  Rev. 


31 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


W.  F.  Beaman’s  very  narrow  escape  at  the  same  point. 
The  party  scattered  at  Chungking,  some  going  to  the 
coast,  some  to  Japan,  and  others  to  Burma. 

Renewed  Activity 

When  the  missionaries  returned  in  the  spring  of  1896 
it  was  with  greatly  depleted  numbers,  three  married 
couples,  two  single  ladies,  and  a doctor  having  entered 
other  fields  of  labor.  Nevertheless,  the  work  was 
resumed  in  each  station  with  much  encouragement. 
Reports  like  these  came  from  the  missionaries  on  their 
return:  “ The  native  church  members  are  seemingly  as 
strong  in  the  faith  as  before.”  “ Although  the  work  has 
been  broken  up  and  the  number  of  workers  diminished, 
our  hearts  are  not  troubled.  This  may  be  said  to  be  the 
period  of  greatest  activity  and  widest  expansion  in  the 
history  of  the  mission.  School  work  on  a small  scale 
was  carried  on  in  each  station,  besides  Sunday  schools. 

Sunday  schools  for  hea- 
then, in  heathen  temples, 
were  a development  in 
the  children’s  work  in 
Yachow.  Classes  for 
women  and  visitation 
in  the  homes  and  in 
country  districts  were 
also  vigorously  prose- 
cuted. Medical  work, 
preaching  in  chapels, 
in  shops,  on  streets,  in 
inns,  in  country  places 
and  the  distribution  and 
sale  of  tracts,  New 
Testaments  and  Bibles 
were  forms  of  work 
carried  on  unceasingly 
in  all  accessible  places. 
Inquirers  and  converts  increased  in  number,  and  inter- 
est sprang  up  in  places  where  previously  the  missionary 


Native  Preacher  and  Family 


32 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


had  been  stoned  and  driven  out.  At  Lichwang, 
where  the  fleeing  missionaries  were  attacked  in  1895, 
twenty  or  thirty  inquirers  were  reported  at  the  end  of 
i897- 

A West  China  association,  with  native  delegates, 
met  in  Kiating  at  the  end  of  the  same  year, 
1897,  when  Christian  natives  from  the  three  stations 
assembled  for  the  first  time.  The  middle  of  the  year 
1900  found  the  membership  of  the  three  churches, 
Suifu,  Kiating  and  Yachow,  to  be  sixty-eight,  with 
some  200  names  on  the  inquirers’  roll.  There  was 
also  special  interest  in  some  of  the  towns  on  the 
Yangtse  and  in  the  mountain  district  west  of  Yachow. 
From  the  latter  place,  only  a few  short  weeks  before 
the  Boxer  uprising,  scores  of  men  and  women  enrolled 
their  names  as  inquirers. 

The  Boxer  Uprising  and  the  New  Awakening 

Hope  was  large  for  the  continued  expansion  of  the 
work,  when  once  again  the  order  came,  “ Leave  your 
stations  immediately  and  come  to  points  of  safety  and 
protection.”  The  storm-cloud  of  Boxerism  had  broken 
in  all  its  fury  in  the  northern  provinces,  and  threatened 
to  sweep  every  foreigner  and  native  Christian  out  of  the 
land.  That  was  a wonderful  exodus  that  poured  out 
from  West  China,  two  or  three  hundred  English  and 
American  missionaries,  leaving  comparatively  quiet  and 
peaceful  fields,  going  whither  and  into  what,  who  could 
tell? 

Most  of  the  members  of  our  West  China  Mission 
returned  to  America  to  remain  until  conditions  should 
favor  a return.  Dr.  Corlies  availed  himself  of  the  first 
opportunity  to  get  back  to  Suifu,  where  he  found  the 
Christians  still  at  work  as  though  nothing  had  hap- 
pened. The  native  Christians  in  all  the  stations  had  been 
kept  faithful.  God  had  more  than  answered  prayer 
for  the  safety  of  the  little  flock  which  had  been  left  as 
sheep  among  wolves.  Not  only  so,  but  the  return  of  the 


33 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


missionaries  was  hailed  with  joy,  and  a royal  welcome 
was  accorded  them  by  officials  and  people. 

It  soon  b came  evident  that  a new  day  had  dawned 
in  China,  and  that  the  people  were  commencing  to 
awaken  from  their  sleep  of  centuries.  The  marvelous 
changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the  empire  since  1900 
(see  page  60),  while  in  some  ways  affecting  people  near 
the  coast  more  profoundly  than  those  in  the  interior, 
have  yet  reached  West  China,  and  the  mission  feels  its 
influence  in  every  direction.  The  demand  for  teachers, 
preachers,  schools  and  instruction  in  the  gospel  is 
beyond  all  precedent  and  beyond  the  present  power 
to  supply. 

Training  of  Churches  and  Leaders 

The  fact  is  recognized  by  the  missionaries  in  West 
China  that  the  native  disciples  need  instruction  and 
training,  and  many  methods  besides  preaching  have  at 
various  times  been  adopted.  A rally  day  in  one  station 
brought  a large  number  to  the  day’s  services,  and  aroused 
a fine  enthusiasm  in  the  work.  At  another  place  the 
Christian  young  men  are  organized  into  a Baraca  class, 
following  the  methods  of  that  movement  in  America. 
In  still  another  station  a two  years’  course  of  instruction 
for  inquirers  has  been  undertaken,  with  the  hope  that 
some  good  evangelistic  workers  may  be  developed. 
Evangelistic  work  has  been  emphasized  above  all  other 
forms  of  service  in  West  China.  An  interesting  method 
of  supplementing  the  work  of  the  limited  number  of  paid 
preachers,  in  the  evangelizing  of  the  many  districts  and 
cities  of  West  China,  while  at  the  same  time  providing 
for  the  preachers  a valuable  experience,  is  the  plan  of 
utilizing  unsalaried  lay  preachers.  Especially  valuable 
has  been  the  service  of  these  men  in  maintaining  regular 
street  preaching  at  many  of  the  outstations.  Their 
sermons  have  often  been  only  personal  testimonies,  but 
none  the  less  effective. 

There  is  no  organized  theological  seminary  in  West 
China,  but  Bible  institutes  are  held  regularly  in  the  dif- 


34 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


ferent  stations,  when  men  come  in  from  the  outstations 
for  a month’s  study  of  the  Bible  and  of  methods  of  work. 

Plans  for  Extension 

The  three  stations  which  made  up  the  West  China 
Mission  at  the  time  of  the  disturbances  in  1895,  Suifu, 
Kiating  and  Yachow,  remained  without  any  addition 
until  1905,  when  Ningyuenfu  was  opened,  300  miles 
or  twelve  days’  journey  southwest  of  Yachow.  The  new 
station  is  the  capital  of  a prefecture,  which  includes  five 
walled  cities,  besides  innumerable  towns  and  villages.  It 
is  splendidly  located,  and  with  one  missionary  family  for 
evangelistic  work  and  a physician,  the  work  is  developing 
well.  The  people  and  officials  are  generally  friendly,  but 
grave  hindrances  have  been  met  in  the  opposition  of  the 
Roman  Catholics  and  their  French  priests. 

The  plans  for  united  educational  work  in  West  China, 
as  outlined  on  page  59,  include  the  establishment  of  a 
university  in  the  capital  of  the  province,  Chentu.  Our 
participation  in  this  enterprise  will  naturally  involve  the 
early  opening  of  Chentu  as  one  of  our  stations.  Our 
field  is  at  a considerable  distance  from  the  main  centers 
of  the  province,  Chentu  and  Chungking,  and  this  new 
move  will  bring  us  into  close  touch  with  the  other  mis- 
sions at  work  in  West  China.  Plans  call  for  the  opening 
of  evangelistic  as  well  as  educational  work  at  this  center. 

An  important  effort  for  the  future  is  the  opening  of 
definite  work  for  the  aboriginal  tribes  which  occupy  large 
territories  within  the  limits  of  our  West  China  field. 
Indications  point  strongly  to  a close  racial  connection 
between  some  of  these,  as  the  Lolos,  with  the  hill  tribes 
of  Burma. 


35 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


CENTRAL  CHINA  MISSION 
Strategic  Location 

The  field  occupied  by  the  Central  China  Mission  lies  at 
the  very  heart  of  the  empire.  Six  hundred  and  eighty 
miles  from  the  sea,  at  the  junction  of  the  Yangtse  and 
Han  rivers,  are  located  three  great  cities,  with  a total 
population  of  a million  and  a half.  In  one  of  these, 
Hanyang,  is  the  headquarters  of  this  mission.  A view 
from  Hanyang  Hill  is  a sight  never  to  be  forgotten.  At 
one’s  feet  are  the  government  iron  and  steel  works,  with 
busy  locomotives  puffing  and  hauling,  while  near  by 
are  the  arsenal  buildings.  The  latest  German  ma- 
chinery has  been  imported  for  making  all  kinds  of  arms, 
from  field  pieces  to  revolvers.  Even  the  leather  used  in 
making  harnesses  for  the  horses  which  pull  the  field 
guns  and  batteries  is  made  in  a great  tannery.  There 
can  also  be  seen  in  the  distance,  near  a smokeless  powder 
factory,  the  brick  kilns  with  English  brick-making 
machinery.  All  these  and  other  undertakings,  too 
numerous  to  mention,  are  managed  by  Chinese  workmen. 

Further  in  the  distance  we  look  upon  similar  scenes  in 
Hankow,  the  largest  of  the  three  cities.  This  includes 
the  foreign  concessions,  English,  French,  Russian,  Ger- 
man, Japanese  and  Belgian.  Steamers  and  sailing  crafts 
from  up  and  down  the  river  throng  the  water  front,  while 
out  in  the  stream  are  numerous  liners  and  warships. 
Hankow  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Peking-Hankow 
Railway,  now  in  operation,  and  the  northern  terminus  of 
the  road  under  construction  from  Canton.  Other  rail- 
ways projected  east  and  west  will  make  this  city  a great 
railway  center,  as  it  is  already  a great  port  for  shipping. 

Wuchang  is  across  the  river  to  the  southeast.  There 
is  the  home  of  the  well  known  Chang  Chih  Tung,  one  of 
China’s  leading  viceroys,  renowned  for  his  noble  stand  in 
protecting  the  foreigners  during  the  Boxer  uprising.  The 
three  cities  together  form  an  immense  metropolis,  which 
has  been  characterized  as  the  Chicago  of  China.  There  is 
no  more  strategic  location  in  all  the  empire  than  this. 


36 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Missionary  Beginning's 

There  was  a twofold  object  in  opening  this  mission: 
first,  to  have  a connecting  link  between  the  work  in  East 
China  and  the  new  mission  in  the  far  western  province  of 
Szchuan;  and  second,  to  have  some  share  in  responding 
to  the  great  need  of  the  perishing  millions 
in  Central  China.  Accordingly,  in  1893,  our 
centennial  year,  Rev.  Joseph  S.  Adams  and 
his  wife,  who  for  some  years  had  been  located 
at  Kinhwa  in  eastern  China,  removed  to 
Hanyang,  accompanied  by  Rev.  and  Mrs. 

W.  F.  Gray.  After  conference  with  other 
societies  working  in  that  section,  it  was 
decided  that  the  territory  to  the  southwest, 
about  150  miles  long  by  100  miles  wide, 
should  be  assigned  to  the  American  Baptist 
Missionary  Union.  It  comprises  the  cities  of 
Kiayu,  Puehi,and  Yochow,  with  many  towns 
and  numerous  villages,  a population  ap-  Hand  Gong  used 
proximating  5,000,000.  in  Temple 

The  difficulties  which  had  to  be  overcome  in  beginning 
the  mission  were  very  great,  as  were  the  hindrances 
which  followed.  The  need  of  homes  for  the  missionaries, 
of  native  helpers  and  of  preaching  places  was  keenly  felt. 
With  the  help  of  Tsao  Han  Kin,  a native  Christian,  con- 
verted and  trained  in  Kinhwa,  the  missionaries  began 
daily  preaching,  evening  Bible  classes  and  Sunday 
worship  with  the  servants  and  a few  inquirers.  Much 
opposition  from  the  heathen  resulted  but  the  Lord  gave 
his  blessing  and  soon  converts  were  baptized.  Just 
when  the  work  seemed  most  encouraging  and  plans  were 
being  made  for  securing  a permanent  location,  the 
sorrowful  news  came  of  the  heaviest  debt  in  the  history 
of  the  Missionary  Union,  with  the  announcement, 

“ Positively  no  advance  can  be  permitted.”  This  put 
the  work  back  at  least  five  years  and  has  starved  it  ever 
since.  In  due  time,  however,  a special  gift  provided 
funds  for  a mission  compound. 


37 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Methods  of  Work 

Evangelistic  work  has  been  considered  of  first  impor- 
tance, and  has  been  emphasized  above  every  other  method 
of  presenting  the  gospel.  Many  chapels  or  halls  are  open 
every  day  of  the  week.  Some  who  first  heard  the  truth 
in  these  have  been  baptized  in  towns  a hundred  miles 
away.  Congregations  of  the  poor  and  commercial  classes 
are  never  lacking.  After  listening  several  times  a man 
is  induced  to  attend  evening  meetings,  Bible  classes  or 
Sunday  services.  The  spirit  of  friendliness  and  love, 
together  with  the  light  of  the  gospel,  induces  him  to 
attend  frequently  and  finally  to  cast  in  his  lot  with 
the  Christians.  Love  is  the  magnet  which  draws  best 
in  China.  Sunday  services  are  held  regularly.  Even 
during  the  persecutions  by  the  Boxers,  the  native 
Christians  met  as  usual  for  worship  and  testimony. 
These  gatherings  are  noteworthy  for  the  earnest  way  in 
which  the  brethren,  who  are  evidently  taught  of  the 
Spirit,  take  part,  either  in  prayer  or  preaching.  Some 
of  these  testimonies  are  of  high  value. 

“ Gadding  about  gossiping,”  is  an  unusual  method  of 
work,  but  it  pays.  Sometimes  a dignified  call  in  a sedan 
chair,  upon  the  highest  officials,  whose  courtesy  leaves 
nothing  to  be  desired  but  sincerity;  sometimes  a visit 
to  a sick  child  in  a mat  hut,  or  to  a country  farmhouse, 
with  digressions  on  the  prospects  for  rice  or  the  price  of 
chickens,  all  things  work  together  for  the  good  of  the 
cause  in  the  hearts  of  these  people. 

Many  thousands  of  books  and  tracts  are  sold  during 
the  year.  The  practise  of  selling  rather  than  giving 
ensures  many  readers.  In  the  mission  bookroom  over  a 
hundred  varieties  of  books  and  tracts  are  always  in 
stock.  Much  is  due  to  the  colporteurs.  Our  own 
illustrated  mission  almanac  is  seen  posted  up  every- 
where, in  barber  shops,  stores  and  opium  joints. 

Medical  work  occupies  a large  place  in  this  mission. 
The  hospital  and  dispensary  are  agencies  of  far-reaching 
influence  among  the  people  of  the  entire  field.  This  is 
treated  in  detail  on  page  48. 

38 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Important  Ootstations 

The  first  Baptist  Church  in  Central  China  was  organ- 
ized in  1895,  and  each  year  has  witnessed  a natural  and 
steady  growth.  In  1897  came  the  opening  of  an  out- 
station,  Kiayu,  a large,  walled  town  of  30,000  people, 
previously  evangelized.  The  next  year  a second  and 
larger  walled  city,  Puchi  by  name,  which  for  many  years 
had  been  left  in  utter  darkness,  was  opened,  largely 
through  the  contributions  of  the  native  Christians. 
This  city  has  50,000  people.  In  both  these  places  there 
are  now  organized  churches,  and  from  these  as  a center  a 
widespread  work  of  evangelization  is  being  done.  The 
report  of  a visit  by  Pastor  Tsao  gives  in  his  quaint  way 
the  following  details : 

In  Kiayu  there  are  fifty  inquirers  who  are  truly  trusting,  faith- 
fully obeying  men  and  women,  ripe  for  baptism.  Of  raw  in- 
quirers there  are  eighty  people  of  both  sexes.  ...  In  the  big 
country  city  of  Puchi  there  are  honorable  men  and  women  asking 
about  Jesus  and  regularly  worshiping  with  the  disciples.  Ripe 
converts,  twenty  names;  raw  converts,  forty  names. 

Three  miles  from  the  compound  in  Hanyang,  in 
another  part  of  the  city,  is  an  important  outstation,  at 
“ the  point,”  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Han  and  Yangtse. 
That  utterly  neglected  district  is  occupied  by  working 
people  from  the  iron  works  and  arsenals,  and  a very 
large  boating  population.  A dispensary  is  located  there, 
and  a free  school  is  to  be  opened.  The  veteran  mission- 
ary of  Hankow,  Dr.  Griffith  John,  calls  it  the  “ best 
preaching  place  in  Central  China.” 

Four  other  stations  have  been  established.  The  first 
is  at  Tsihlitang,  where  there  is  a hired  house  with  a 
boys’  school  and  seventy  converts.  This  is  the  center  of 
an  interesting  group  of  inquirers.  The  second,  thirty 
miles  above  Hanyang,  is  in  an  important  town  called 
Kinkeo,  where  a native  preacher  is  in  charge.  Many 
hear  the  gospel  daily  and  buy  Christian  books  from  the 
colporteur.  A third  is  in  the  city  of  Hankow,  where  the 
church  is  practically  self-supporting. 


39 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


The  latest  outsthtion  reported  is  at  Yochow,  at  the 
entrance  of  Tungting  Lake,  125  miles  above  Hanyang. 
This  is  a city  of  the  first  rank,  and  is  the  key  to  the 
province  of  Hunan. 

The  Native  Christians 

The  lack  of  an  adequate,  well-trained  native  ministry 
is  keenly  felt.  The  few  Chinese  who  act  as  leaders  for 
the  infant  churches  have  been  born  of  the  Spirit  and  bred 
in  the  Word,  yet  opportunities  for  their  proper  training 
are  sadly  lacking.  Both  leaders  and  followers  among 
the  church  members  have  in  very  many  cases  suffered 
persecution.  In  Iviayu  and  Puchi,  particularly,  the 
opposition  has  been  keen  and  the  Christian  disciples 
have  endured  much.  Yet  they  have  been  faithful,  and 
in  all  the  outstations  the  work  is  now  well  entrenched. 
The  residence  of  one  of  the  missionaries  at  Puchi  for  a 
time  was  a strong  factor  in  developing  the  work  there. 

The  Larger  Work 

The  strategic  location  of  our  Central  China  Mission 
presents  opportunities  that  call  for  work  on  a scale  of 
operations  not  yet  approximated.  We  are  not  begin- 
ning to  do  the  work  for  which  there  is  opportunity  and 
which  is  indeed  demanded  if  our  mission  is  to  hold  a 
place  of  commanding  influence.  To  attempt  this  larger 
work  would  require  eight  new  men  and  a greatly  in- 
creased equipment  in  chapels,  schools,  and  other 
buildings.  Such  an  advance  as  is  proposed  would 
involve  an  expenditure  of  $89,300. 


40 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


SPECIAL  FORMS  OF  WORK 
Educational 

Throughout  the  history  of  our  China  missions  the  chief 
emphasis  has  rightly  been  placed  upon  evangelistic  work. 
Education  has  not  been  neglected,  however,  although  it 
has  not  been  given  such  prominence  as  is  the  case  with 
some  other  boards.  The  primary  purpose  in  the 
establishment  of  schools  has  been  the  education  of  the 


Pupils  of  Boys’  Boarding  School,  Swatow,  at  Gymnastics 


children  from  Christian  homes,  in  order  to  develop  an 
intelligent  Christian  community,  able  to  read  and  use 
the  Scriptures  and  to  conduct  properly  and  effectively 
the  worship  and  work  of  the  churches.  Growing  out  of 
this  is  the  special  training  of  preachers,  teachers,  physi- 
cians, Bible  women  and  nurses,  a form  of  missionary 
service  which  is  receiving  increasing  attention.  Sub- 
ordinate to  these  aims,  yet  present  in  the  work  of  nearly 


41 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


all  academic  schools,  and  particularly  prominent  in  the 
schools  of  newer  stations,  is  the  conversion  of  children 
from  heathen  homes,  through  whom  the  influence  of  the 
gospel  may  reach  other  members  of  the  family. 

In  the  present  educational  plan,  first  in  importance  and 
largest  in  number  are  the  primary  schools  maintained  at 
almost  all  the  stations  and  outstations.  These  schools 
are  generally  held  in  the  chapels  and  taught  by  the 
preachers.  The  native  churches  are  encouraged  to 
conduct  these  themselves  and  in  many  cases  they  are 
entirely  or  nearly  self-supporting. 

Next  come  the  station  boarding  schools,  of  a higher 
grade  than  the  outstation  schools  and  better  organized. 
These  have  regular  native  teachers  in  charge,  under  the 
personal  direction  of  the  missionary. 

The  schools  in  the  outstations  are  expected  to  supply 
the  station  boarding  schools,  while  these  in  turn  send  their 
boys  to  the  higher  grade  school  or  academy.  Each  of 
our  missions  except  Central  China  has  one  school  of  this 
grade.  At  Swatow  there  is  the  Boys’  Boarding  School, 
under  the  direction  of  Rev.  R.  T.  Capen,  who  also  has 
general  supervision  over  all  the  outstation  schools  of 
the  field.  Owing  to  the  difference  in  dialect,  this  and 
the  other  central  schools  of  South  China  do  not  serve  the 
Hakka  stations,  except  a part  of  the  Hopo  field  along  the 
Hoklo  border;  so  that  a boys’  boarding  school  of  higher 
grade  is  being  developed  at  Kiayingchow.  In  East 
China,  Hangchow  has  Wayland  Academy,  founded  in 
1900,  in  charge  of  Rev.  W.  S.  Sweet  and  Rev.  W.  H. 
Millard,  with  five  substantial  buildings  and  a good 
faculty.  Its  standing  may  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  in 
1905  one  of  the  summer  schools  of  the  College  Young 
Men’s  Christian  Association  of  China  was  held  at  the 
school.  In  West  China,  Monroe  Academy  at  Suifu,  with 
an  excellent  building,  has  been  handicapped  from  its 
beginning  by  the  small  number  of  missionaries  on  the 
field,  but  gives  promise  of  large  influence.  In  Central 
China  there  is  no  boys’  school  of  high  school  grade  as  yet, 
although  the  opportunity  is  peculiarly  inviting.  The 


42 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


plans  of  northern  Baptists  call  for  two  colleges  in  China. 
In  one  of  these,  the  Shanghai  Baptist  College,  southern 
Baptists  are  cooperating  with  the  Missionary  Union. 
The  campus  occupies  a fine  tract  of  land  along  the  banks 
of  the  Whangpoo  River  below  the  city,  and  the  buildings 
will  loom  up  as  the  first  conspicuous  object  to  be  seen  as 
one  approaches  the  city.  The  plan  for  these  includes 
one  large  recitation  building  to  be  used  for  the  college 
and  seminary,  as  well  as  for  a dormitory  for  unmarried 
students;  a dining  hall;  a dormitory  for  married  stu- 
dents, and  one  for  the  Chinese  teachers,  and  four  resi- 
dences for  the  missionaries  of  the  faculties  of  the  two 
institutions. 

The  other  institution  of  college  grade  is  that  con- 
templated in  Chentu,  West  China,  as  a part  of  the  union 
educational  scheme  adopted  by  all  the  missions  at  work 
in  that  province  (Szchuan).  In  accordance  with  this 
plan,  each  mission  is  to  establish  a college,  and  all  of 
these  colleges  are  to  be  united  into  one  great  university. 
A well  coordinated  system  of  primary  and  secondary 
schools  will  prepare  the  students  for  the  college  and 
the  university. 


Wayland  Academy,  Hangchow 


43 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


The  crowning  feature  of  our  educational  work  in 
China  is  the  Bible  school  and  theological  seminary.  In 
Swatow,  Dr.  Ashmore  early  gave  attention  to  the  train- 
ing of  native  preachers,  and  in  later  years  devoted  almost 
his  entire  time  to  this  work.  His  method  of  teaching 
was  unique,  the  students  being  trained  from  the  begin- 
ning in  public  address  by  telling  in  their  own  words  from 
the  platform  the  scripture  passage  under  discussion. 
Dr.  Ashmore  was  able  to  give  over  fifty  years  of  active 
service  on  the  field,  a service  which  has  been  continued  by 


New  Building  of  Ashmore  Theological  Seminary,  Swatow 


voice  and  pen  since  his  return  to  America.  On  his 
eightieth  birthday  he  announced  a munificent  gift  from 
himself  and  his  family,  through  which  the  seminary  at 
Swatow  has  been  provided  with  a large  and  stately  group 
of  buildings,  on  a prominent  site  overlooking  the  bay  of 
Swatow,  unsurpassed  in  location  by  any  other  seminary 


44 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


in  China.  In  recognition  of  his  service  in  this  form  of 
work,  the  institution  has  been  named  the  Ashmore 
Theological  Seminary. 

In  East  China,  the  plan  for  many  years  was  for  each 
missionary  to  train  his  own  workers.  In  1873,  however, 
Dr.  Knowlton  began  the  training  of  a class  of  theological 
students  at  Ningpo.  After  his  death  this  work  was  car- 
ried on  by  Dr.  Goddard  and  Dr.  Lord,  and  in  1887  it  was 
transferred  to  Shaohsing,  where  Rev.  Horace  Jenkins, 
D.D.,  has  since  conducted  the  Shaohsing  Bible  School. 
In  1905,  in  conjunction  with  the  Foreign  Mission  Board 
of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention,  the  Shanghai 
Baptist  Theological  Seminary  was  organized.  This 
shares  the  campus  of  the  Shanghai  Baptist  College. 

Plans  for  biblical  training  in  West  and  Central  China 
are  not  yet  fully  developed.  A Bible  school  is  projected 
in  Suifu,  West  China,  but  at  present  (1907)  preachers 
are  trained  in  institutes  held  annually  in  the  different 
stations. 

All  our  mission  schools,  including  not  only  the  sec- 
ondary schools,  but  also  many  of  the  village  primary 
schools,  are  being  conducted  in  conformity  with  the 
demands  of  the  new  education  among  the  Chinese.  In 
fact,  the  government  schools  are  being  patterned  after 
the  mission  schools.  In  the  boarding  schools  gymnastics 
and  athletic  contests  have  been  introduced,  and  besides 
the  Bible  and  Chinese,  so-called  Western  branches  are 
taught,  such  as  English,  arithmetic,  geography  and 
natural  science. 

A good  beginning  has  been  made  in  our  educational 
work,  and  foundations  have  been  laid  in  strategic  places 
for  institutions  of  wide  influence.  Keeping  ever  in  mind 
the  primary  aim,  that  of  a Christian  education,  larger 
things  should  be  undertaken  in  the  development  of  our 
educational  system  in  response  to  the  opportunities 
offered  by  the  remarkable  present-day  conditions.  The 
principal  immediate  need,  besides  a larger  staff  of  native 
teachers,  is  an  adequate  equipment  in  buildings  for  those 
schools  which  we  already  have. 


45 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Medical 

Our  missions  in  China  itself  were  begun  by  a medical 
missionary,  when  Dr.  D.  J.  MacGowan  started  the 
hospital  at  Ningpo,  East  China,  in  1843,  which  was  car- 
ried on  until  his  resignation  in  1863.  Medical  work  was 
not  resumed  until  1875,  from  which  time  until  the  present 
(1907)  it  has  met  with  remarkable  success.  J.  S.  Grant, 
M.D.,  has  been  the  resident  physician  at  Ningpo  since 
1889.  Dr.  S.  P.  Barchet,  who  had  previously  been  at 
Ningpo,  later  opened  a hospital  in  Ivinhwa,  winning  the 
good  will  of  all  classes,  including  the  highest  officials. 
The  work  at  Kinhwa  was  interrupted,  however,  by  the 
removal  of  Dr.  Barchet  to  Shanghai,  and  was  not  re- 
sumed until  Dr.  C.  F.  MacKenzie  went  to  that  city  in 
1906.  In  1901,  Dr.  M.  D.  Eubank,  encouraged  by  the 
financial  aid  of  a wealthy  native,  opened  a dispensary  in 
Huchow,  and  later  a hospital.  Dr.  F.  W.  Goddard,  son 
of  Rev.  J.  R.  Goddard,  D.D.,  of  Ningpo,  has  been  at 
Shaohsing  since  1903. 

Medical  work  in  South  China  was  begun  by  Miss  C.  H. 
Daniells,  M.D.,  in  1878,  and  a hospital  for  women  was 
built  in  1883.  After  the  failure  of  Miss  Daniells’ health 
and  her  consequent  return  to  the  United  States,  the 
work  was  taken  up  in  1889  by  Mrs.  A.  K.  Scott,  M.D., 
formerly  one  of  our  missionaries  in  Assam.  In  1905, 
two  fine  hospital  buildings  were  completed,  with  ample 
accommodations  for  both  men  and  women.  Dr.  R.  E. 
Worley  was  appointed  to  this  work  in  1903,  but  his 
devoted,  self-sacrificing  service  was  brief,  for  in  the 
summer  of  1907  he  was  drowned  while  crossing  Swatow 
Bay  after  his  regular  weekly  visit  to  Chaoyang,  where  he 
had  a dispensary.  The  hold  that  a missionary  can 
secure  upon  the  hearts  of  the  Chinese  by  a life  of  loving 
service  is  well  illustrated  by  a circumstance  connected 
with  the  death  of  Dr.  Worley.  The  ferry-boat  having 
capsized,  a score  of  Chinese,  besides  Dr.  Worley,  were  in 
imminent  peril.  Yet  some  of  these,  forgetting  them- 
selves, when  help  was  offered  them,  shouted,  “ Save 


46 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Dr.  Worley  first!  ” — - so  strongly  had  he  impressed  upon 
them  the  unselfishness  of  Christ.  Dr.  Russell  E.  Adkins, 
on  hearing  of  Dr.  Worley’s  death,  immediately  started  to 
take  up  his  work.  Dr.  Scott  has  also  returned  to 
Swatow  to  resume  work  for  women. 

At  Kityang 
Dr.  Josephine 
M.  Bixby  was 
for  a number 
of  years  en- 
gaged in  med- 
ical service, 
and  had  just 
completed  a 
fine  woman’s 
hospital, 
when  in  1907 
she  was  com- 
pelled by  ill- 
ness to  return 
to  America, 
where  she 
gradually  failed,  and  after  a few  months  died. 

Medical  work  among  the  Hakkas  was  begun  at 
Kiayingchow  in  1894  by  Dr.  Edward  Bailey,  who  retired, 
however,  after  two  years.  The  work  was  not  resumed 
until  1905,  when  Dr.  Margaret  Grant,  after  brief  service 
at  Kityang  and  Swatow,  opened  a hospital  and  dis- 
pensary at  Kiayingchow. 

Dr.  C.  H.  Finch,  who  went  out  in  1891,  was  the  first 
regular  physician  in  West  China,  although  Mrs.  George 
Warner,  who  reached  the  field  nearly  a year  previous, 
was  able  by  her  knowledge  of  medicine  to  prepare  the 
way  in  large  measure  for  the  direct  preaching  of  the 
gospel.  Dr.  Finch  was  stationed  in  Suifu,  where  the 
work  made  steady  progress,  except  for  the  interruption 
caused  by  the  riots  in  1895,  until  his  resignation  in  1900. 
In  1898  Dr.  Briton  Corlies  went  to  Suifu,  soon  after  be- 
ing transferred  to  Yachow,  where  his  sister,  Dr.  Anna  E. 


Hospital  at  Yachow 


47 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Corlies  joined  him  in  1906.  In  1902  Dr.  C.  E.  Tomp- 
kins was  appointed  to  Suifu,  taking  up  the  work  which 
had  been  interrupted  by  the  Boxer  uprising,  and  in  1906 
Dr.  A.  Z.  Hall  joined  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Wellwood  at 
the  new  station,  Ningyuenfu.  Dispensary  work  is  also 
conducted  at  Kiating,  under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  F.  J. 
Bradshaw,  M.D. 

The  Central  China  Mission  provides  the  only  hospital 
in  a city  of  a quarter  of  a million  or  more  of  people,  and  is 
in  charge  of  Dr.  G.  A.  Huntley,  who  was  appointed  in 
1897.  Morning  and  evening  services  are  held  with  the 
patients,  and  much  bedside  work  is  done  by  the  hospital 
evangelist  and  the  church  members.  The  gospel  seed 
has  been  scattered  in  distant  villages  by  the  patients 
themselves  on  their  return  to  their  homes.  The  training 
of  hospital  and  dispensary  helpers  and  nurses  is  part  of 
the  work  of  the  physician  in  charge.  A fine  hospital, 
completed  in  1907,  has  given  new  impetus  and  larger 
influence.  A part  of  the  hospital  is  set  apart  for  women, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Emilie  Bretthauer,  who  joined 
the  little  band  of  workers  in  1905.  A well-equipped 
dispensary  is  an  important  feature  of  the  work. 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


The  equipment  for  our  medical  work  in  China  includes 
eight  hospitals,  six  of  which  are  fine,  up-to-date  build- 
ings. Besides  these  a number  of  separate  dispensaries 
are  conducted  apart  from  the  hospitals.  While  the 
medical  buildings  are  well -adapted  for  the  work,  they 
are  in  general,  however,  owing  to  inadequate  funds, 
sadly  lacking  in  proper  furnishings. 

Literary 

A large  amount  of  the  translation  usually  necessary  in 
the  early  days  of  a mission  was  done  by  able  scholars  of 
other  boards,  like  Robert  Morrison,  S.  Wells  Williams 
and  others,  before  China  itself  was  open.  The  fact  that 
there  is  but  one  written  language  for  all  China,  more- 
over, has  made  available  for  our  missionaries  most  of 
what  has  since  been  done  along  this  line  by  workers  of 
other  societies.  Nevertheless,  some  excellent  literary 
work  has  been  accomplished  by  some  of  our  own  workers, 
particularly  in  translation  and  romanization  of  the 
Scriptures  in  the  local  dialects.  Among  those  who  have 
been  prominent  in  this  service  should  be  mentioned  Rev. 
Josiah  Goddard,  who  during  his  five  years  at  Ningpo 
completed  a translation  of  the  New  Testament  in  the 
Chinese  character  (1853)  admitted  by  all  to  be  of  the 
highest  excellence;  he  also  translated  the  first  three 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  His  son,  Rev.  J.  R. 
Goddard,  D.D.,  in  1901  completed  a translation  of  the 
Old  Testament  into  the  Ningpo  romanized  colloquial. 
In  South  China,  Dr.  Ashmore,  Dr.  Partridge,  and  Dr. 
Ashmore,  Jr.,  have  done  much  translation  work,  the  last 
mentioned  now  giving  almost  his  entire  time  to  this  form 
of  service.  Our  missions  in  West  and  Central  China  use 
the  Mandarin,  so  are  able  to  utilize  the  fine  translations 
in  that  dialect  made  by  union  committees.  A new  Man- 
darin New  Testament,  however,  is  being  prepared  by  a 
committee  of  northern  and  southern  Baptists,  Rev.  J.  S. 
Adams  representing  the  former  in  the  work.  The  Mis- 
sionary Union  has  no  publishing  house  in  China.  A 
considerable  number  of  our  missionaries,  however,  with 


49 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


many  representatives  of  the  southern  Baptists,  are  stock- 
holders in  the  China  Baptist  Publication  Society,  whose 
headquarters  are  in  Canton,  Dr.  Ashmore,  Jr.,  being 
president  (1907).  Others  hold  places  on  the  board  of 
directors.  The  Union  Conference  of  American  Baptist 
Missionaries,  including  southern  as  well  as  northern  Bap- 
tists, publishes  a quarterly  magazine  called  The  Neiv 
East,  while  our  West  China  missionaries  unite  with  the 
West  China  Missions  Advisory  Board  in  the  publication 
of  a monthly,  The  West  China  Missionary  News. 

Woman's  Work  * 

Work  for  women  by  women  has  been  one  of  the  most 
important  and  fruitful  forms  of  effort  undertaken  by  our 
China  missions,  and  has  been  prominent  since  the  begin- 
ning. The  wives  of  the  male  missionaries  have  always 
given  to  the  work  such  attention  as  they  were  able,  but 
necessarily  the  principal  effort  has  been  by  single 
women  whose  entire  time  could  be  devoted  to  the  women 
and  children.  The  first  of  a long  line  of  these  earnest 
workers  was  Miss  Adele  M.  Fielde,  who  was  appointed 
by  the  Woman’s  Society  of  the  West  to  Swatow,  South 
China,  in  1873.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  work  of  Bible 
women,  which  has  been  so  blessed  in  all  mission  fields, 
was  inaugurated  by  her.  It  was  her  custom  to  gather 
the  Christian  women  for  instruction  and  to  teach  them 
one  lesson  from  the  gospels,  and  when  they  had  learned  it 
to  send  them  out  into  the  villages  two  by  two  to  tell  it  to 
their  Chinese  sisters.  After  a time  they  would  come 
again  to  the  station  and  receive  another  portion  of  the 
truth,  and  having  obtained  a thorough  knowledge  of  this 
would  go  forth  to  carry  another  gospel  message.  In  this 
way  Miss  Fielde  built  up  an  organized  corps  of  helpers 
whose  work  has  been  a model  for  Bible  women  throughout 
China.  She  has  been  succeeded  in  Swatow  by  a number 
of  other  women,  some  of  whom  are  now  engaged  in  the 
work  as  wives  of  missionaries.  A training  school  is  con- 

* See  the  leaflet  “ China,  the  Work  and  Workers,”  published  by  the  Woman’s 
Societies,  for  a full  description  of  woman's  work  in  China. 

So 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


ducted  during  three  months  of  the  year  and  classes  are 
held  in  some  of  the  villages.  Visitation  of  the  women 
in  their  homes  is  an  important  feature. 

The  education  of  the  boys  and  girls,  begun  by  Mrs. 
J.  W.  Johnson,  has  been  largely  in  the  hands  of  the 
Woman’s  Societies.  The  Woman’s  Society  of  the  East 
furnishes  the  means  for  carrying  on  the  Swatow  Boys’ 
Boarding  School,  and  cares  for  the  Girls’  Boarding 
School  at  the  same  station,  as  well  as  schools. 


Miss  Sollmann  and  Bible  Women 


At  Kityang  Miss  Barbara  A.  Ross,  who  went  out  in 
1906,  has  taken  up  the  work  so  ably  initiated  and  carried 
on  by  Mrs.  Jacob  Speicher.  Ungkung  also  has  a number 
of  Bible  women  and  schools  supported  by  the  Woman’s 
Society.  Work  for  the  Hakka  women  was  begun  by 
Miss  Elia  Campbell,  now  Mrs.  G.  E.  Whitman,  in  1890. 
Others  have  assisted  at  times,  but  at  present  (1907)  our 
work  for  the  Hakka  women  is  limited  to  the  medical 

si 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


service  of  Dr.  Margaret  Grant,  at  Kiayingchow.  No 
evangelistic  or  educational  work  whatever  is  being  done 
by  any  society  for  the  2,000,000  or  more  women  and 
girls  of  the  Kaying  department  (Kiayingchow). 

In  East  China  the  work  for  women  begun  by  the 
wives  of  the  early  missionaries  was  taken  up  at  Ningpo 
in  1878  by  Miss  F.  B.  Lightfoot,  afterwards  Mrs.  E.  C. 
Lord.  A girls’  boarding  school,  founded  at  Ningpo  in 
1872,  was  for  many  years  under  the  efficient  direction  of 


Miss  H.  L.  Corbin,  now  Mrs.  J.  R.  Goddard.  Many  of 
the  graduates  are  wives  of  preachers  or  teachers,  an  indi- 
cation of  the  wide  influence  the  school  is  having  through 
its  former  students. 

At  Kinhwa  Miss  Clara  E.  Righter  has  been  at  work 
since  1888,  training  Bible  women  and  directing  their 
work.  Since  1897  Miss  La  Verne  Minniss  has  had  charge 
of  the  girls’  boarding  school  and  Miss  Stella  Relyea  has 
conducted  a very  successful  day  school  for  boys.  A 
significant  event  in  the  history  of  the  girls’  school  was  the 
taking  of  the  government  examination  in  the  Chinese 


52 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


classics,  previously  taken  only  by  boys,  by  five  of  its 
students. 

The  boarding  school  for  girls  at  Hangchow,  and  the 
evangelistic  work  at  Shaohsing  give  large  promise. 
At  Huchow  direct  work  for  women  was  not  begun  until 
1906,  when  Miss  Helen  M.  Rawlings  reached  that  field. 

In  West  China  Mrs.  Warner  and  Mrs.  Wellwood  were  the 
pioneers  in  women’s  work,  the  former  beginning  her  efforts 
soon  after  her  arrival  at  Suifu  in  1891.  The  first  single 
women  engaged  in  the  work  in  West  China  were  Miss 
Bessie  G.  Forbes  and  Miss  Emma  Inveen,  now  Mrs.  W.  M. 
Upcraft,  who  reached  the  field  a year  later.  Their  efforts 
counted  not  a little  in  the  foundation  laying  of  those  early 
years.  Others  joined  them,  but  all  of  these  have  for  one 
reason  or  another  been  compelled  to  leave  the  field,  and 
there  are  now  (1907)  but  two  single  women  missionaries 
in  West  China:  Miss  Pearl  Page,  who  went  to  Suifu  in 
1903,  and  Miss  Beulah  E.  Bassett,  who  entered  the  work 
in  1907.  Aid  is  given  by  the  Woman’s  Society  to  the 
women’s  work  at  Kiating,  where  the  missionary’s  wife 
conducts  classes  and  directs  the  efforts  of  the  Bible  women. 

Miss  Annie  L.  Crowl  and  Miss  Winifred  Roeder  have 
charge  of  the  evangelistic  and  educational  work  for 
women  in  Central  China,  ably  assisted  by  the  wives  of 
the  missionaries.  Daily  classes  for  women,  a boys’ 
school  and  the  beginnings  of  a school  for  girls,  besides 
classes  in  outlying  districts  and  personal  work  with  the 
women  and  children,  keep  the  missionaries  busy.  Classes 
and  competitions  in  connection  with  the  Tien  Tsu  Huei, 
“ Natural  Foot  Society,”  have  been  very  successful. 

The  medical  work  of  the  women  has  already  been 
mentioned  in  the  section  on  the  general  medical  work 
(page  46).  Four  women  physicians  are  now  con- 
nected with  our  China  missions:  Dr.  Anna  K.  Scott  at 
Swatow,  Dr.  Margaret  Grant  at  Kiayingchow  (Kaying), 
Dr.  Anna  E.  Corlies  at  Yachow  and  Dr.  Emilie  Brett- 
hauer  at  Hanyang.  Their  work  includes,  besides  regular 
hospital  and  dispensary  service,  the  training  of  native 
physicians  and  nurses. 


53 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


THE  BOXER  UPRISING 

The  Boxer  Movement  of  1 900  was  confined  to  the  prov- 
inces north  of  the  Yangtse,  where  we  have  no  mission 
work.  Yet  other  parts  of  the  empire  felt  its  influence, 
and  unruly  mobs  took  advantage  of  the  weakness  of  the 
government  and  caused  considerable  trouble.  All  sta- 
tions in  the  interior  were  temporarily  abandoned,  many 
of  the  missionaries  returning  to  America,  while  others 
remained  in  the  seaports  until  quiet  was  restored  and 
they  could  return  to  their  fields.  In  one  or  two  instances 
our  missionaries  were  mobbed  and  the  mission  property 
destroyed.  This  was  the  case  at  Ungkung  and  Kinhwa. 
At  the  latter  place  the  missionaries  barely  escaped  with 
their  lives.  Fortunately,  however,  none  of  our  workers, 
either  foreign  or  native,  were  injured,  although  in  all 
our  fields  the  work  was  practically  at  a standstill  for 
several  months. 

The  evil  results  of  the  Boxer  Movement  were  not  last- 
ing, however,  and  the  marvelous  growth  of  the  churches 
since  seem  to  point  to  that  dreadful  year  as  the  turning- 
point  in  the  interest  of  the  people. 

RELATIONS  WITH  ROMAN  CATHOLICS 

A problem  universal  in  China  is  the  relations  between 
Protestant  Christians  and  Roman  Catholic  adherents. 
Supported  by  the  French  priests,  the  Roman  Catholics 
have  persecuted  the  Protestants,  attacking  their  villages, 
destroying  their  chapels  and  assaulting  the  members. 
Charges  brought  against  the  Roman  Catholics  have 
generally  resulted  in  counter-charges  against  the  Prot- 
estants, and  the  utmost  skill  and  ingenuity  on  the  part 
of  the  miss'onaries  have  been  necessary  to  obtain,  on  the 
one  hand,  satisfaction  for  the  Christians  and  immunity 
from  further  attack  (the  courts  being  subservient  to  the 
French  Catholic  influence),  and  on  the  other  to  keep  from 
being  drawn  into  a contest  at  law.  The  eagerness  with 
which  the  Chinese,  Christian  as  well  as  heathen,  enter  the 
lists  before  the  courts,  is  equalled  only  by  the  evil  results, 


54 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


which  are  most  disastrous  both  to  individual  character 
and  finances,  and  the  standing  of  the  churches.  So 
serious  have  these  become  that  the  Execiitive  Com- 
mittee, in  common  with  all  other  Protestant  missionary 
societies,  have  urged  the  utmost  caution,  and  have  also 
taken  advanced  ground  in  the 
matter,  in  adopting  the  rule 
that  no  interposition,  whether 
direct  or  indirect,  in  favor  of 
members  of  our  native  churches 
or  others  in  whom  missionaries 
are  interested,  shall  in  any  case 
be  resorted  to  by  a missionary, 
unless  this  action  receives  the 
unanimous  endorsement  of  all 
missionaries  of  the  Union  re- 
siding at  his  station.  The 
policy  of  noninterference  has 
had  a salutary  effect  upon  the 
native  Christians,  while  it  has  raised  the  missions  in  the 
respect  and  estimation  of  the  Chinese  officials. 

THE  OUTLOOK 
Growth  of  the  Native  Church 

In  estimating  the  possibilities  for  the  future  develop- 
ment of  the  work,  the  past  growth  of  the  native  churches 
must  be  considered.  In  1862,  at  the  end  of  the  first  two 
decades  after  the  opening  of  the  mission  at  Hongkong, 
99  members  were  reported;  twenty  years  later,  in  1882, 
the  number  was  1,082;  in  1902  these  had  increased  to 
2,839;  while  during  the  five  years  from  1902  to  1907  the 
number  grew  to  5,115. 

In  financial  contributions  the  development  has  been  no 
less  noteworthy.  In  1862  the  amount  contributed  by 
the  native  Christians  was  reported  $59.56  in  United 
States  money,  an  average  of  60  cents  a member;  in 
1882  the  total  was  $778.79,  or  72  cents  per  member;  in 
1902  the  contributions  had  increased  to  $2,987,  or  $1.05 

55 


S<5 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


per  member;  while  five  years  later,  in  1907,  the  gifts 
reported  were  $7,850,  an  average  of  $1.53  from  each 
member. 

Most  significant  of  all,  however,  is  the  changed  spirit 
among  the  Chinese  Christians.  In  the  early  days  of 
the  work,  and  indeed  until  comparatively  recently,  the 
native  Christians  were  dependent  upon  the  missionaries 
for  leadership  in  everything  as  well  as  for  the  financial 
support  of  the  work.  The  idea  of  their  undertaking  any 
effort  on  their  own  initiative  was  wholly  foreign  to  them, 
and  self-support  was  a dream  of  the  future.  Now,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  Chinese  disciples,  at  least  in  many 
sections,  have  come  to  look  upon  the  work  as  their  own, 
and  to  take  real,  spiritual  interest  in  it.  Initiation  of 
work  by  them  and  efforts  to  establish  independent,  self- 
supporting  churches  are  reported.  This  is  partly  a 
manifestation  of  the  spirit  evident  in  all  the  life  of  the 
Chinese,  but  is  largely  also  the  result  of  a clearer  appre- 
hension of  the  gospel  and  its  spirit.  Other  indications  of 
this  same  development  are  the  increased  number  of 
students  for  the  ministry  and  the  larger  contributions 
mentioned  above.  These  things  are  most  hopeful,  and 
promise  far  greater  growth  in  the  future. 

THE  NEW  SPIRIT  OF  INDEPENDENCE 

The  new  conditions  which  have  arisen  in  China  are 
nowhere  more  forcibly  manifest  than  in  the  new  spirit  of 
self-reliance  and  independence,  partly  the  result  of  the 
victory  of  Japan  over  Russia,  but  largely  also  the  effect 
of  the  gospel.  A belligerent  expression  of  this  spirit  was 
the  boycott  against  the  United  States,  in  1906. 

Our  missions  have  felt  the  effect  of  this  new  spirit  to 
some  extent,  particularly  in  South  and  East  China,  but 


Explanation  of  Diagram  on  Page  56.  This  represents  the  Kityang  field, 
and  shows  the  development  of  outstations  from  the  central  station.  The 
large  circles  represent  independent,  self-supporting  churches:  the  double 
circles,  missions  receiving  financial  aid;  the  double  circles  with  broken  ring, 
‘‘places  of  prayer,”  i.e.,  places  where  Christians  meet  for  prayer  during  the 
week,  but  where  no  services  are  held  on  Sunday:  the  small  circle,  the  field 
of  the  native  missionary  society. 


57 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


fortunately  the  missionaries  have  been  able  to  give 
healthful  direction  to  the  movement.  At  Swatow,  for 
example,  the  missionaries  sent  a communication  to  a 
meeting  of  merchants  at  the  time  of  the  boycott,  showing 
the  real  attitude  of  America  toward  China,  which  had  a 
good  effect.  In  this  field,  two  of  the  strongest  preachers 
were  sent  by  the  natives  with  the  hearty  cooperation  of 
the  missionaries,  on  a six  months’  tour  of  the  outstations, 
urging  independent  church  activity  on  scriptural  grounds. 
Another  encouraging  instance  of  the  healthful  growth 
of  this  spirit  was  the  excellent  care  given  the  Kityang 
field  by  the  native  leaders  when,  during  the  furlough  of 
the  missionary  in  1906,  the  work  was  left  entirely  in 
their  hands. 

In  some  of  the  stations  of  East  China  difficulties  were 
for  a time  threatened  with  the  native  Christian  leaders, 
but  they  quickly  disappeared,  and  a fine  spirit  of  har- 
mony prevails  between  missionaries  and  natives. 

Central  China  has  also  felt  the  effect  of  this  spirit 
somewhat,  but  not  in  any  serious  way. 

UNION  MOVEMENTS 

In  China,  as  on  other  mission  fields,  denominational 
distinctions  are  not  so  marked  as  at  home,  and  more  and 
more  the  tendency  is  to  emphasize,  especially  as  regards 
the  native  Christians,  the  fundamentals  on  which  all 
agree,  rather  than  the  points  of  difference.  The  result 
has  been  a growing  spirit  of  fraternity  and  cooperation, 
manifesting  itself  in  union  of  effort  among  missionaries 
of  different  boards,  and  in  some  cases  to  organized  union 
between  them. 

Our  own  missionaries  have  cordially  joined  in  this 
movement,  so  far  as  loyalty  to  conscience  and  principle 
would  allow.  They  have  been  able  to  unite  closely  with 
the  southern  Baptists,  and  to  a considerable  degree  also 
with  other  denominations. 

The  East  China  Mission  is  our  only  China  mission 
which  is  located  near  enough  to  missions  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention  to  have  direct  relations  with  them. 


58 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


The  Central  China  Mission  of  the  southern  Baptists  is 
situated  directly  to  the  north  of  our  East  China  Mission, 
Shanghai  being  a station  of  each  mission.  The  relations 
between  the  two  have  always  been  cordial  and  intimate. 
In  1872  all  the  churches  of  both  missions  united  and 
formed  the  Chekiang  Baptist  Association,  which  con- 
tinued until  the  growth  of  the  field  made  a division 
advisable,  when  an  association  was  organized  in  each 
mission.  The  close  relations  between  the  two  missions  is 
illustrated  by  the  fact  that  Soochow,  now  one  of  the 
southern  Baptist  stations,  was  first  opened  by  Dr. 
Macgowan  of  our  own  mission.  The  largest  enterprise  in 
which  the  two  missions  have  united,  however,  is  the 
Shanghai  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  and  the  Shang- 
hai Baptist  College.  This  work  is  described  in  the 
section  on  Educational  Work,  page  41. 

In  an  unofficial  capacity  many  of  our  missionaries  and 
those  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  are  unitedly 
active  in  the  work  of  the  China  Baptist  Publication 
Society.  (See  page  50.) 

Perhaps  due  to  their  comparative  isolation  the  mis- 
sionaries of  all  denominations  in  West  China  are  very 
closely  related  to  one  another,  and  the  cooperation 
between  them  is  very  intimate  and  cordial.  An  impor- 
tant factor  in  the  unification  of  missionary  effort  is  the 
West  China  Missions  Advisory  Board,  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives from  all  the  societies  laboring  in  West  China. 
Its  work  is  the  promotion  of  cooperation  and  the  con- 
sideration of  questions  relating  to  the  division  of  the 
field  or  to  mission  policy  in  general.  As  a result  of  the 
understanding  between  the  missions  each  has  become 
responsible  for  a certain  district,  although  some  of  the 
central  stations  are  occupied  by  several  societies  in  com- 
mon. An  important  development  of  this  united  effort 
is  the  educational  system  which  is  described  in  the  section 
on  Educational  Work,  page  41. 

Further  plans  for  cooperation  with  missions  of  other 
boards  have  been  suggested,  and  without  doubt  a large 
development  of  this  policy  is  in  store  for  our  missions. 


59 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


THE  NEW  OPPORTUNITIES  AND  THE  NEW  NEEDS 

The  progress  of  China  since  the  Boxer  uprising  of  1900 
has  been  nothing  less  than  marvellous.  Some  of  the 
well-known  features  of  this  movement  are:  the  abolish- 
ment of  the  ancient  examination  system  and  the  substi- 
tution of  a modern  public  school  system  in  its  place;  the 
growing  sentiment  in  opposition  to  footbinding,  crys- 
tallizing in  the  imperial  decree  denying  official  position 
to  men  whose  wives  have  bound  feet;  the  anti-opium 
decrees,  for  the  regulation  and  ultimate  suppression  of 
the  cultivation  and  use;  the  observance  of  Sunday  in 
the  government  offices  in  Peking ; the  rapid  increase  in 
the  number  of  newspapers  and  books  published  by  the 
Chinese;  the  growth  of  the  railroad  and  postal  systems; 
and  the  promise  of  a constitutional  government  by  the 
emperor.  In  the  bringing  about  of  these  reforms  mis- 
sions and  missionaries  have  had  a large  part;  and  in 
proportion  as  a modern  spirit  has  taken  the  place  of  the 
ancient  conservatism,  the  opportunities  for  missionary 
work  have  increased,  both  in  number  and  in  importance, 
until  now  they  are  crowding  upon  the  missionaries  in 
every  field  and  in  every  department.  In  education,  in 
literarv  work,  in  medicine,  as  well  as  in  regular  evangel- 
istic work,  the  opportunities  are  unprecedented. 

With  the  new  opportunities  have  come  new  needs,  — - 
or  at  least,  needs  which  are  emphasized  today  in  a way 
not  known  before.  Briefly,  these  are: 

Prayer  for  the  missionaries,  for  the  native  workers,  for 
the  Chinese  church  in  general,  for  the  interested  heathen, 
for  the  political  leaders,  for  the  government  schools,  for 
the  mission  schools  and  hospitals,  for  the  Committee  and 
officers  in  charge  of  the  work  at  home,  and  for  the  home 
churches,  abundant,  earnest,  believing  prayer  is  pro- 
foundly needed. 

Native  workers,  in  far  larger  numbers,  better  qualified 
and  better  trained,  for  the  preaching  and  teaching  of  the 
gospel  to  the  awakening  thousands.  If  China  is  to  be 
evangelized,  it  must  be  by  the  Chinese  evangelists. 


60 


MISSION  S IN  CHINA 


Missionaries,  many  more  than  we  have  at  present,  to 
fill  the  gaps,  and  occupy  strategic  points  and  train  the 
native  co-workers  for  their  task. 

Adequate  equipment  in  buildings,  mission  houses, 
schools,  academies,  colleges,  hospitals.  Money  will  not 
save  China,  but  it  will  provide  the  material  things  to  aid 
in  its  redemption. 

“ Watchman,  what  hour?  ” The  watchman  said, 
“ The  morning  is  come.”  The  cloudy  pillar  which  for  a 
time  rested  upon  God’s  people  and  their  service  in  China, 
bidding  them  abide  in  their  tents,  has  long  ago  been 
lifted,  and  the  word  now  is 

FORWARD! 


61 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Roster  of  Missionaries  to  China 

Complete  to  December  i,  1907. 

Abbreviations:  m.,  married;  * deceased  while  in  service;  t retired  from 
the  mission. 

Name  Date  of  Arrival 

Adams,  Rev.  A.  S.,  and  wife 1904 

Adams,  Rev.  J.  S.,  and  wife 1883 

Adams,  Rev.  S.  G 1901 

Adkins,  Russell  E.,  M.D.,  and  wife 1907 

Ashmore,  Rev.  William,  and  wife 1851 

Ashmore,  Rev.  William,  Jr.,  and  wife 1880 

Austin,  Miss  H.  M.  (m.  F.  W.  Goddard,  M.D.) 1903 

+ Bailey,  Edward,  M.D.,  and  wife 1894 

Bakeman,  Rev.  P.  R.,  and  wife  . . . 1906 

JBarchet,  S.  P.,  M.D.,  and  wife 1875 

fBarchet,  Miss  M.  E 1893 

Beaman,  Rev.  W.  F.  (m.  Miss  F.  C.  Bliss) 1894 

*Bixby,  Miss  J.  M.,  M.D 1894 

Bliss,  Miss  F.  C.  (m.  Rev.  W.  F.  Beaman) 1894 

Bousfield,  Rev.  C.  E.  (m.  Miss  L.  A.  Snowden) 1809 

t Boynton,  Miss  E.  M 1895 

Bradshaw,  Rev.  F.  J.,  and  wife,  M.D 1894 

*Bradt,  Rev.  W.  H 1891 

Bretthauer,  Miss  Emilie,  M.D i9°5 

fBuzzell,  Miss  M.  A 1S84 

Bassett,  Miss  Beulah  E i9°7 

tCampbell,  Rev.  George,  and  wife 1887 

Campbell,  Miss  Elia  (m.  Rev.  G.  E.  Whitman) 1890 

Capen,  Rev.  R.  T i9°4 

*Capen,  Mrs.  R.  T.  . . 1904 

Carlin,  Rev.  J.  W..  and  wife 1890 

tChurchill,  Rev.  M.  A.,  and  wife 1874 

Clark,  Rev.  I.  B.,  and  wife 1906 

tCole,  Miss  A.  B 1903 

fCopp,  Rev.  Alfred,  and  wife 1891 

Corbin,  Miss  K.  L.  (m.  Rev.  J.  R.  Goddard) 1888 

Corlies,  Briton,  M.D 1898 

Corlies,  Miss  A.  E.,  M.D 1906 

tCossum,  Rev.  W.  H.,  and  wife 1891 

Covert,  Miss  M.  C 5 

Crowl,  Miss  A.  L 1897 

*Daniel!s,  Miss  C.  H.,  M.D 1878 

Davies,  Rev.  J.  P.,  and  wife 1906 

JDean,  Rev.  William,  and  wife 1835 

Deming,  Rev  J.  H.,  and  wife  1906 

t Devan,  T.  D.,  M.D.,  and  wife 1844 

Dowling,  Miss  M.  A 1893 

Dunwiddie,  Miss  Mary  (m.  Rev.  H.  A.  Kemp)  1890 

Elgie,  Miss  Helen 1901 

Eubank,  Rev.  M.  D.,  M.D.,  and  wife 1899 

tFielde,  Miss  A.  M. *866 

tFinch,  Rev.  C.  H.,  M.D.,  and  wife 1892 

Fletcher,  Rev.  E.  N 1892 

Fletcher,  Mrs.  E.  N 1892 

tForbes,  Miss  B.  1^2I 

Foster,  Rev.  J.  M.  (m.  Miss  C.  M.  Hess) 1888 

Fraser,  Rev.  A.  L.,  and  wife 1905 

Gates,  Rev.  W.  D 

tGardelin,  Miss  M.  A 1804 

Giffin,  Rev.  J.  H.,  and  wife 

Goddard,  Miss  Anna  K 1898 

Goddard,  F.  W.  M.D.  (m.  Miss  H.  M.  Austin) 1903 

Goddard,  Rev.  J.  R.  (m.  Miss  H.  L.  Corbin) ' • 1868 


62 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Name 

♦Goddard,  Rev.  Josiah,  and  wife 

tGould,  Rev.  L.  A.,  and  wife 

Grant,  J.  S.,  M.D.,  and  wife 

Grant,  Miss  Margaret,  M.D 

tGray,  Rev.  W.  F.,  and  wife 

Groesbeck,  Rev.  A.  F.,  and  wife 

Hall,  A.  Z.,  M.D 

Hess,  Miss  C.  M.  (m.  Rev  J.  M.  Foster)  . . . 

tHill,  Rev.  G.  W.,  and  wife  

Holmes,  Rev.  T.  D.,  and  wife 

Huntley,  Rev.  G.  A.,  M.D.,  and  wife 

Huntoon,  Miss  C.  M 

fHyde,  Miss  H.  L 

flnveen,  Miss  Emma  (m.  Rev.  W.  M.  Upcraft) 

jenldns.  Rev.  Horace 

♦Jenkins,  Mrs.  Horace 

tJohnson,  Rev.  J.  W.,  and  wife 

Jones,  Rev.  E.  E.,  and  wife 

Jones,  Miss  Mary  I 

Keen,  Rev.  C.  S.,  and  wife 

Kemp,  Rev.  H.  A.  (m.  Miss  Mary  Dunwiddie) 

♦Knowlton,  Rev.  M.  J.,  and  wife 

JKreyer,  Rev.  C.  T.,  and  wife 

Latimer,  Rev.  J.  V.,  and  wife 

Lewis,  Rev.  C.  G.,  and  wife 

Lewis,  Rev.  G.  W.,  and  wife 

♦Lightfoot,  Miss  F.  B.  (m.  Rev.  E.  C.  Lord) 
♦Lord,  Rev.  E.  C.  (m.  Mjss  F.  B.  Lightfoot) 

tMacGowan,  D.  J.,  M.D.,  and  wife  

MacKenzie,  C.  F.,  M.D.,  and  wife 

♦Magee,  Miss  M.  E 

♦Malcolm,  F.  B. , M.D.  . . 

i Mason,  Rev.  G.  L.,  and  wife 

Mayo,  Miss  Henrietta  (m.  Rev.  R.  T.  Capen)  . 

tMcKibben,  Rev.  W.  K.,  and  wife 

t McKinney,  Rev.  W.  A.,  and  wife 

Millard,  Rev.  W.  H„  and  wife  

Minniss,  Miss  LaVeme 

{Newell,  Miss  A.  L 

Norvell,  Rev.  J.  S.,  and  wife 

Norwood,  Miss  S.  A 

Nourse,  Miss  Mary  A.  • ■ 

Openshaw,  Mr.  H.  J.,  and  wife 

tOstrom,  Miss  M.  L.  . 

Page,  Rev.  A.  H.,  and  wife 

Page,  Miss  F.  P 

t Parker,  Miss  E.  A 

Partridge,  Rev.  S.  B.,  and  wife 

Proctor,  Rev.  J.  T.,  and  wife 

Rawlings,  Miss  H.  M 

Relyea,  Miss  Stella 

Righter,  Miss  C.  E 

tRoberts,  Rev.  I.  j.  . . 

Robison,  Rev.  B.  E.,  and  wife 

tRoss,  Miss  A.  M.,  M.D 

Ross,  Miss  Barbara 

Rudd,  Rev.  H.  F 

Salquist,  Rev.  C.  A.,  and  wife 

tSawtelle,  Rev.  H.  A.,  and  wife 

Scott,  Mrs.  A.  K.,  M.D 

Scott,  Miss  M.  K.  (m.  Rev  G.  H.  Waters)  . . 

JShuck,  Rev.  J.  L 

♦Shuck,  Mrs.  J.  L 

fSilke,  Rev.  W.  G.,  and  wife 


Date  of  Arrival 

1840 

1888 

1889 

1902 

1893 

1897 

1906 

1886 

• 1894 

1893 

1897 

1903 

1901 

1879 

i860 

i860 

1847 

1903 

1907 

1902 

1893 

1854 

1866 

1904 

1905 

1905 

1879 


1906 

1895 

1894 

1880 

1906 

187s 

1903 

1902 

1897 

1898 
1888 
1877 

1907 

1894 

1892 
1906 

1903 

1890 
1869 

1897 

1906 

1897 

1888 
1841 

1907 

1891 
1906 
1903 

1893 
1859 

1889 

1890 
1836 
1836 

1893 


63 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA 


Name 

Snowden,  Miss  L.  A.  (m.  Rev.  C.  E.  Bousfield) 

Sollman,  Miss  Melvina 

Speicher,  Rev.  Jacob,  and  wife .' 

tStewart,  Miss  Elizabeth 

TSt.  John,  Miss  H.  E 

Sweet,  Rev.  W.  S.,  and  wife ! ! 

Shields,  Edgar  T.,  M.D.,  and  wife 

Taylor,  Rev.  Joseph 

Taylor,  Mrs.  Joseph 

■fTelford,  Rev.  R.,  and  wife 

jThompson,  Miss  M.  E 

Tompkins,  C.  E.,  M.D.,  and  wife 

Traver,  Miss  E.  G 

JUpcraft,  Rev.  W.  M.  (m.  Miss  Emma  Inveen) 

"Viking,  Rev.  C.  F.,  and  wife 

"Warburton,  Rev.  S.  R.,  and  wife 

fWarner,  Rev.  George,  and  wife  

Waters,  Rev.  G.  H.  (m.  Miss  M.  K.  Scott)  . . 

Weld,  Miss  M.  F 

Weilwood,  Rev.  Robert,  and  wife 

White,  Rev.  F.  J.,  and  wife 

Whitman,  Rev.  G.  E.  (m.  Miss  Elia  Campbell) 

Wickenden,  Miss  Ida  

t Wilkinson,  Miss  Edith  

Worlev,  Rev.  I>.  E.,  and  wife 

* Worley,  R.  E.,  M.D 

Worley,  Mrs.  R.  E 

tWyckoft,  Miss  L.  J.,  M.D 

tYoung,  Miss  A.  S 

Zimmerman,  Miss  Dora 


Date  of  Arrival 
1893 

1902 

189s 

1886 

1896 

1893 

1907 

1903 

1906 

1867 

1876 

1902 

1906 

1889 

i8g4 

1902 

1889 

1899 

1904 

1891 

1901 

1892 

1907 

1899 

1907 

1903 

1903 

1893 

1888 

1907 


Mission  Stations  in  China,  1907 

Note.  — It  will  be  observed  bv  readers  of  the  foregoing  sketch  that  the 
earliest  date  in  the  following  list,  Ningpo,  1843,  is  not  the  date  of  the  beginning 
of  our  mission  work  on  the  China  field.  Macao,  opened  in  1836,  was  the  earliest 
station,  whence  the  work  was  transferred  to  Hongkong,  and  thence  to  Swatow. 


Name  South  China  Date  of  Opening 

Swatow  (Swa-towJ  i860 

Kiayingchow  (Kia-ying-chow)  1890 

Ungkiing  (Ung-kiing) 1892 

Chaochowfu  (Chow-chow-foo) 1894 

Kit  yang  (Kit-yang) 1896 

Chaoyang  (Chow-yang)  1905 

Hopo  (Ho-po)  1907 

East  China 

Ningpo  (Ning-po) 1843 

Shaoshing  (Zhow-shing) 1869 

Kinhwa  (Kin-wha) 1883 

Huchow  (Hoo-chow)  1888 

Hangchow  (Hang-chow) 1889 

Shanghai  (Shang-hl) 190  7 

West  China 

Suifu  (Swa-foo) 1889 

Kiating  (Ja-ding) 1894 

Yachow  (Ya-io)  1894 

Ningyuenfu  (Ning-yuen-foo) 1905 

Central  China 

Hanyang  (Han-yang) 1893 


681— 1 Ed.  — jM  — December,  1907.  Price  15  cents. 


64 


